Reduce utility bills

Normal heights are heights above sea level, one of several types of height
which are all computed slightly differently. Alternatives are:
orthometric heights and dynamic heights.

The normal height <math>H*</math> of a point is computed from geopotential
numbers by dividing the point’s geopotential number, i.e. its geopotential
difference with that of sea level, by the average, normal gravity computed
along the plumbline of the point. (More precisely, along the ellipsoidal
normal, averaging over the height range from 0 — the ellipsoid — to
<math>H*</math>; the procedure is thus recursive.

Normal heights are thus dependent upon the reference ellipsoid chosen. The
Soviet Union and many other Eastern European countries have chosen a height
system based on normal heights, determined by geodetic precise levelling.
Normal gravity values are easy to compute and “hypothesis-free”, i.e., one
does not have to know, as one would for computing orthometric heights, the
density of the Earth’s crust around the plumbline.

Normal heights figure prominently in the theory of the Earth’s
gravity field developed by the school of M.S. Molodenskii. The reference
surface that normal heights are measured from is called the quasi-geoid, a
representation of “mean sea level” similar to the geoid and close to it,
but lacking the physical interpretation of an equipotential surface.

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Patronage concentration is a term used in marketing. It is the share of an individual consumer’s expenditures in an industry that is spent at one company. It is the amount that a person spends at one company divided by the amount that person spends at all companies in the industry.

amount spent at one company
___________________________________
amount spent at all companies in the industry

The amount a person spends at one company is sometimes called the “relationship revenue”.

For example, I may spend $1000 per year at fast food restaurants. If I spend $100 at Wendy’s Restaurants, then Wendy’s has (100/1000=10%) ten percent of my patronage. As long as the amount spent at one firm is less than the total amount spent at all firms in the industry, the customer will be patronizing more than one firm, and patronage concentration will be less than 100%.

The goal of many firms is to increase the patronage concentration ratio of its customers to 100% (that is make it an exclusive relationship). Some firms set different patronage concentration targets for various classes of customers. This reflects the fact that some types of customers are more profitable than others.

This is very similar to market share. Whereas market share describes the percentage of all customers that patronize a company relative to the industry total, the patronage concentration ratio describes the percentage of one customer’s patronage going to a company, relative to that persons spend in the industry. That is, market share is the aggregate or macro version of the patronage concentration ratio. Or alternatively, patronage concentration is the micro equivalent of market share.

See also

• loyalty business model
• personalized marketing
• relationship marketing

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Entertainment or information is called “family friendly” if it considered suitable for the whole family. In particular it means that it is not considered harmful for children, which may imply restrictions on nudity, sex, violence, horror, crude language, etc.

The concept of “family friendly” entertainment or information, or of the media carrying them being so, is an aspect of the family values controversy in American political and social discourse. The moral connotations the concept and terms are used with varies greatly with speaker, and a single speaker may often use them differently privately and publicly.

In arriving at specific consumer decisions, moral connotations of the terms may be secondary or absent, and the denotation may be mainly distinctions about content that are less detailed than entertainment rating systems, rather than drawing lines that would rule a choice out.

In public discussions it is most common for those using the terms and concept to give them positive connotation, suggesting at least that what the speaker labels “family friendly” is desirable, and often suggesting that what the speaker so labels is either in less adequate supply than what is not, more desirable than what is not, or desirable to the exclusion of desirability or toleration of what is not.

Also in public discussions, some with opposing views contest those connotations. Some of them may simply avoid the terms on the belief they misname the concept, so that the terminology begs questions of free expression, access to information, and distinguishing personal judgements on values from condemnations of others’ values. Some in effect give unqualified use of “family friendly” a negative connotation by describing their own views as “real family friendliness”, contrasting their own views with “family unfriendly” ones (in ways that imply those are held by advocates of something “family friendly”), or simply ironic intonation in using the words “family friendly”. What is excluded by the term “family friendly” is not a matter of agreement among those who emphasize its use, so some describe the lack of clear denotation of the terms as helping a user appear consistent in their own statements and those of others, while intending different audiences or individuals in the same audience to infer mutually inconsistent implicit meanings from them.

• Family Friendly Sites

Focus film distance (FFD) is the distance between the X-ray source and the film in diagnostic radiography. It has recently been superseded due to the replacement of film with computed radiography or direct digital radiography detectors. There are now various possible alternatives: source image distance (SID); focus image distance (FID); source receptor distance (SRD); and focus receptor distance (FRD). SID seems to be the most common - perhaps as it was already in use as a term in fluoroscopy to describe source intensifier distance.

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A public utility (usually just utility in British English) is a company that maintains the infrastructure for a public service (often also providing a service using that infrastructure). Public utilities often involve natural monopolies, and as a result are often government monopolies, or if privately owned, the sectors are specially regulated by a Public Utilities Commission.

Public utilities can be privately owned or publicly owned. Publicly owned utilities include cooperative and municipal utilities. Municipal utilities may actually include territories outside of city limits or may not even serve the entire city. Cooperative utilities are owned by the customers they serve. They are usually found in rural areas. Private utilities, also called investor owned utilities, are owned by investors. Unlike public companies, private utilities may be listed on the stock exchange. Private, in this context, means not owned by the public or the government.

In poorer developing countries, public utilities are often limited to wealthier parts of major cities, as used to be the case in developed countries in the nineteenth century. However, in some developing countries utilities do provide services to a large share of the urban population, such as in the case of water and sanitation in Latin America.

Examples of utilities are:

• An electric utility, which in some instances can be electric power transmission or electricity distribution organizations.
• Drinking water purification and distribution
• Sewage treatment and disposal
• Other waste disposal
• Natural gas distribution
• District heat generation and distribution
• Public transport
• Telecomunications, such as cable television and telephone lines
• Roads, including tollways

Developments in technology have eroded some of the natural monopoly aspects of traditional public utilities. For instance, electricity generation, electricity retailing, telecommunication and postal services have become competitive in some countries and the trend towards liberalization, deregulation and privatization of public utilities is growing. However, the network infrastructure used to distribute most utility products and services has remained largely natural monopolostic.

Common classifications of utilities in the United States

• CWD – County Water District
• FCWCD – Flood Control and Water Conservation District
• FWSD – Fresh Water Supply District
• ID – Irrigation District
• MWA – Municipal Water Authority
• MWD – Municipal Water District
• MUD – Municipal Utility District
• PUD – Public Utility District
• WA – Water Agency
• WCID – Water Control and Improvement District
• WD – Water District
• WS – Water System
• WSC – Water Supply Corporation

See also

• Off-the-grid
• Lists of public utilities
• Public services
• Liberalization
• Electricity market
• Energy
• Telecommunications
• Universal service
• Firm service
• Common utility duct
• Utility cooperative
• NAICS 22

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In materials science polyamorphism is the ability of a substance to exist in several different amorphous modifications. It is analogous to the polymorphism of crystalline materials. Even though amorphous materials exhibit no long-range atomic structure, the different phases can vary in other properties, such as the density.

Examples of polyamorphism are the existence of six-coordinated and four-coordinated amorphous silicon, and the different density phases of amorphous ice.

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Ghali (Arabic, Persian, Urdu : غالی) is a term used by Muslims for a so-called Shia who believes in the divinity of prophet Muhammad, or divinity of Ali, or divinity of Hussain, or divinity of all Fourteen Infallibles. It is dervied from ghuloo (Arabic, Persian, Urdu : غلو) meaning “to exaggerate” the status of notable religious personalities.
Mainstream Shias (Twelvers) consider them infidels, while the Sunni scholars sometimes use the term Ghali to refer to the whole Shia clan.

Beliefs of Ghalis

The beliefs of Ghalis as recorded from notable Shia and Sunni scholars are:
“Ghuloo (exaggeration) about Prophets and Imams may be of the following types:
1. To deem them as divine
2. To deem them as partners in divinity with Allah
3. To say that Allah has entered into their bodies
4. Allah is (physically) united with them
5. They know the facts of ghaib wihout wahi and ilham
6. To deem Imams as Prophets
7. To keep the belief that their spirits transfer to each other’s bodies
8. Their ma’rifat (spiritual knowledge of their status) exempts one from prayer to Allah, and exempts one from avoiding sins.
Keeping one of the above mentioned beliefs results in kufr and ilhad (infidelity), and results in expulsion from religion. … Our imams have kept away from such people, and have pronounced their kufr (infidelity) and have thus, ordered their execution. Thus, if you find any hadith leading to such false beliefs, its meaning should be understood with proper ta’veel (modification), or it should be attributed to Ghalis’ fabrication.”
(Bihar al-Anwar by Allama Majlisi)

The aka of a multihull sailboat is a member of the framework that connects the hull to the ama(s) (outrigger). The term aka originated with the proa, but is also applied to modern trimarans.

The design of the akas depends on the forces it will encounter when sailing. For example, there are two modern variations of the proa, the traditional or Pacific proa, with the ama to the windward side, and the modern Atlantic proa, with the ama to the leeward. The windward ama provides stability by placing the center of gravity far to the windward of the sail, so it is generally heavy. Ropes leading from the mast to the ama provide the force to lift the ama, so the akas must contend mainly with compressive forces, and the weight of the crew, who generally ride on a platform running between the akas.

An Atlantic proa or a trimaran rely on an ama to leeward to provide stability. The ama provides stability by moving the center of buoyancy to the leeward side, and well designed leeward amas will also provide dynamic lift to increase the stability further. The aka for a leeward ama must be designed to handle significant amounts of torque from the lift produced by the ama. Often trimarans will have a platform between the akas, so the crew can ride out on the windward side. While this is not truly necessary from a stability point of view (the ama generally provides a tremendous amount of lift) it does reduce the drag generated by the leeward ama.

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In physics, a free particle is a particle that, in some sense, is not bound. In the classical case, this is represented with the particle not being influenced by any external force.

Classical Free Particle

The classical free particle is characterized simply by a fixed velocity. The momentum is
given by

<math>\mathbf{p}=m\mathbf{v}</math>

and the energy by

<math>E=\frac{1}{2}mv^2</math>

where m is the mass of the particle and v is the vector velocity of the particle.

Non-Relativistic Quantum Free Particle

The Schrödinger equation for a free particle is:

<math>

- \frac{\hbar^2}{2m} \nabla^2 \ \psi(\mathbf{r}, t) =
i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \psi (\mathbf{r}, t)
</math>

The solution for a particular momentum is given by a plane wave:

<math>

\psi(\mathbf{r}, t) = e^{i(\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{r}-\omega t)}
</math>

with the constraint

<math>

\frac{\hbar^2 k^2}{2m}=\hbar \omega
</math>

where r is the position vector, t is time, k is the wave vector, and ω is the angular frequency. Since the integral of ψψ^* over all space must be unity, there will be a problem normalizing this momentum eigenfunction. This will not be a problem for a general free particle which is somewhat localized in momentum and position. (See particle in a box for a further discussion.)

The expectation value of the momentum p is

<math>

\langle\mathbf{p}\rangle=\langle \psi |-i\hbar\nabla|\psi\rangle = \hbar\mathbf{k}
</math>

The expectation value of the energy E is

<math>

\langle E\rangle=\langle \psi |i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial t}|\psi\rangle = \hbar\omega
</math>

Solving for k and ω and substituting into the constraint equation yields the familiar relationship between energy and momentum for non-relativistic massive particles

<math>

\langle E \rangle =\frac{\langle p \rangle^2}{2m}
</math>

where p=|p|. The group velocity of the wave is defined as

<math>\left.\right.

v_g= \frac{d\omega}{dk} = \frac{dE}{dp} = v
</math>

where v is the classical velocity of the particle.
The phase velocity of the wave is defined as

<math>\left.\right.

v_p=\frac{\omega}{k} = \frac{E}{p} = \frac{p}{2m} = \frac{v}{2}
</math>

A general free particle need not have a specific momentum or energy. In this case, the free particle wavefunction may be represented by a superposition of free particle momentum eigenfunctions:

<math>\left.\right.

\psi(\mathbf{r}, t) = \int
A(\mathbf{k})e^{i(\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{r}-\omega t)}
d\mathbf{k}
</math>

where the integral is over all k-space.

Relativistic free particle

There are a number of equations describing relativistic particles. For a description of the free particle solutions, see the individual articles.

• The Klein-Gordon equation describes charge-neutral, spinless, relativistic quantum particles

• The Dirac equation describes the relativistic electron (charged, spin 1/2)

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Apple Loops Utility is a small companion utility to Soundtrack Pro, Garageband, Logic Express, and Logic Pro, all made by Apple Computer. It allows users to create loops of audio that can be time-stretched. Audio files can also be tagged with their publishing (Author, Comments, etc) and musical information (Key, Tempo, etc). Multiple files can be tagged at the same time, a process known as batch tagging. Apple Loops Utility can read both AIFF and WAV file formats, but it will convert the latter to AIFF when saved with tagging information.

The most recent version available without purchasing the aforementioned software is 1.3.1, available from Apple’s Developer Web site. Version 1.4, which is the first Universal Binary version of the software, is available with Logic Pro or Express 7.2. 1.4 allows multiple files to have multiple tags added to them. Version 1.4 also allows content merging to occur with Logic Audio Express. Only version 1.4 will work natively with Intel Macs. Version 1.3.1 will appear to allow edits to be made and file information to be saved, but none of the essential tagging information will be retained on an Intel Mac.

External links and references

• Apple Loops SDK, including Apple Loops Utility (DMG)
• Apple Loops Utility Manual (PDF)

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() is one of the largest Japanese consumer finance companies. Currently the company is based in Kyoto and has annual profits of close to ¥100 billion on over ¥2 trillion worth of loans.

History

Aiful was established in April, 1967 by Yoshitaka Fukuda as a sole-proprietorship. In 1978, this small company was reformed in Kyoto as Marutaka, Inc. and opened its first four branches to expand its consumer-finance business. The company continued to grow over the next five years and it acquired three small companies in the same business segment and renamed itself Aiful in 1983. These mergers gave the company over ¥90 million in capital and a growing market share in the consumer loan sector. Soon afterward, the company began to offer home-equity and small business loans. During the 1980s and up to the present day, the company has continued to expand by finding new investment opportunities, particularly real estate, engaging in mergers to increase its market share.

Today the company offers a wide range of consumer financial services, ranging from issuing credit cards to providing home equity loans. Additionally, the company provides small business loans and until recently operated a chain of karaoke parlors and Taiwanese-style restaurants. The company has 1,572 branches (many of them automated machines similar to ATMs) throughout Japan and currently employs over 3000 people.

Criticism

The company has many techniques to promote repayment that some have viewed as unscrupulous, but have resulted in a low default rate for the bank. Additionally, the company has been charged by some individuals with exploiting the financial problems of some consumers by offering high-rate loans that must be secured by collateral, often the individual’s real estate. This may lead to loss of consumer’s homes and has led to allegations that the company is a sarakin or a loan shark. Several advocacy groups have been formed for those who feel victimized by such practices.

In 2006 regulators in japan ruled against the lending practices of the consumer finance sector and revised the maximum legal lending rate to 18.75% (down from a previous legal limit of 29%). Furthermore this ruling enabled consumers to claim back the interest they have been overcharged from companies like Aiful for a period of up to 10 years back, which forces them to make high provisions for these reimbursements on their balancesheet.
On April 14, 2006 the FSA has issued a business suspension order that forced Aiful to shut down domestic operations for 3 business days and in some areas up to 25 days.

Advertising

In contrast with the more staid image of the more traditional banks, Aiful and other consumer finance companies attempt to have a livelier image. For example, the signs and logos of Aiful and its subsidiaries are often very colorful and eye-catching, seeking to draw passersby into loan outlets. Recent advertisement campaigns have featured Chihuahua TV ads and special loans marketed towards women. Additionally, Aiful and other consumer finance companies often distribute packages of tissues at mass transit stations.

External links

• Aiful Corp. (in Japanese)
• Aiful Corp. IR info (in English)
• Consumer loans for women

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In mathematics, the Bimonster is a group that is the wreath product of the Monster group M with Z₂:

<math>Bi = M \wr \mathbb{Z}_2.</math>

The Bimonster is also a quotient of the Coxeter group corresponding to the Coxeter-Dynkin diagram Y₅₅₅ (a Y-shaped graph with 16 nodes). John H. Conway conjectured that a presentation of the bimonster could be given by adding a certain extra relation; this was proved in 1990 by A. A. Ivanov and Simon P. Norton.

Related groups

External links

• (Note: incorrectly named here as [3^6,6,6])

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The Omul or Arctic cisco, Coregonus autumnalis migratorius, is a salmon-like fish found only in the waters of Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia.

The Omul nourishes itself with plankton and other small animals. Omul represents an important food fish for the Baikal region and, for the rural population, often forms a basis of life. Omul caviar is considered a delicacy. Apart from local consumption, export to the west of Russia is important, though difficult due to the region’s remoteness. Obtaining smoked omul is one of the highlights for many travellers on the Trans-Siberian railway.

References

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• Department of Energy File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTMLEnergy consumption represents a significant portion of facilities’ operating costs. The Department has established an implementation plan for energy
• Device and method for reducing power consumption in a disk drive The above range of average standby power consumption represents a substantial The amount of standby power consumption for such a drive represents a
• Method and apparatus for controlling the power consumption of a Thus if the change in power consumption represents an increase, then dummy instructions are selected that do not require much current.
• Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Alcohol consumption represents a potentially important, modifiable risk factor of type 2 diabetes, especially given that more than half of the adults in the
• Household production and consumption of news-information services (3) We contend that newspaper consumption represents a relatively time-intensive method of producing news-information services relative to cable and
• Fetal myocardial oxygen and carbohydrate consumption during Myocardial oxygen consumption represents the oxygen. necessary to fuel the work of the heart and correlates. closely with the rate-pressure
• Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTMLMOBILE6 Adjusted AC Electricity Consumption represents AC electricity consumption per. mile, used to calculate vehicle energy demand to the electric sector.

Construct three circles inside a given triangle such that each circle is tangent to the other two and to two sides of the triangle.

History

In 1803 Gian Francesco Malfatti conjectured that solving this problem would provide a solution to Malfatti’s problem or the marble problem, of how to cut three marble columns of maximal area out of a triangular wedge of marble. The conjecture is wrong; that some solutions are not optimal was shown in 1930, while Goldberg showed that none of the Malfatti circles are ever optimal in 1967 (Ogilvy 1990). Ogilvy (1990) and Wells (1991) then illustrated specific cases where alternative solutions are clearly optimal. In 1992, V.A. Zalgaller and G.A. Los’ gave a complete solution of the marble problem.

References

• Dörrie, H. “Malfatti’s Problem.” §30 in 100 Great Problems of Elementary Mathematics: Their History and Solutions. New York: Dover, pp. 147-151, 1965. ISBN 0-486-61348-8
• Goldberg, M. “On the Original Malfatti Problem.” Math. Mag. 40, 241-247, 1967.
• Ogilvy, C. S. Excursions in Geometry. New York: Dover, 1990. ISBN 0-486-26530-7
• Malfatti’s Problem at cut-the-knot

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Ouachita Electric Cooperative Corporation is a non-profit rural electric utility cooperative headquartered in Camden, Arkansas, with a district office in Hampton, Arkansas.

The Cooperative was organized in 1938.

The Cooperative serves portions of five counties in the state of Arkansas, in a territory generally surrounding Camden and Hampton.

External links

• Ouachita Electric Cooperative Corporation

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• Guardian Water & Power provides water submetering, gas submetering Guardian Water and Power-WaterMaster America provides utility submetering and utility billing for apartment owners, condominium owners and rental property
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• Utility Arboriculture: Utility Vegetation Management, CNUC, CN Founded to provide consulting and training services to the electric utility vegetation management industry.
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• Utility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In economics, utility is a measure of the relative satisfaction or desiredness from consumption of goods. Given this measure, one may speak meaningfully of
• Mill's Proof of Utility In the fourth chapter of Mill's Utilitarianism, he asks and seeks to answer the question "Of what sort of proof the principle of utility is susceptible?

In probability theory, inverse probability is an obsolete term for the probability distribution of an unobserved variable. Given a probability distribution p(x|θ) for an observable quantity x conditional on an unobserved variable θ, the “inverse probability” is the posterior distribution p(θ|x). The distribution p(x|θ) itself is called the direct probability.

The inverse probability problem (in the 1700s and 1800s) was the problem of estimating a parameter from experimental data in the experimental sciences, especially astronomy and biology. A simple example would be the problem of estimating the position of a star in the sky (at a certain time on a certain date) for purposes of navigation. Given the data, one must estimate the true position (probably by averaging). This problem would now be considered one of inferential statistics.

The terms “direct probability” and “inverse probability” were in use until the middle part of the twentieth century, when the terms “likelihood function” and “posterior distribution” became prevalent.

See also

• Bayesian probability
• Bayes’ theorem

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Northern economic region (;
tr.: Severny ekonomichesky rayon) is one of twelve economic regions of Russia.

Composition

• Arkhangelsk Oblast
• Republic of Karelia
• Komi Republic
• Murmansk Oblast
• Nenets Autonomous Okrug
• Vologda Oblast

Socio-economic indicators

In the partly arctic zone of Russia, monthly wages appear much higher than the national average, but this is offset by the likelihood of payment being much lower. A higher proportion in the region are employed in a state enterprise, and a lower proportion are secure in their jobs. Unemployment is more than one fifth higher in the region than across Russia as a whole.

Although climatic conditions can be daunting, the life expectancy in the Northern region is almost exactly the national average for both men and women. Youths ambitious for a higher education tend to leave the region; the ratio of students to population is a fifth lower than the national average. And, for those who live in the region, the expectation of life improving is lower than the national average. http://www.abdn.ac.uk/cspp/Northern-1.shtml

References

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The Ontario Energy Board (OEB) is a Crown corporation responsible for regulating natural gas and electricity utilities in the province of Ontario, Canada. This includes setting rates and approving the Independent Electricity Market Operator (IMO)’s budget and fees. The OEB also licenses all participants in the electricity sector as well as natural gas marketers who sell to low volume customers.

External links

• OEB Website
• Independent Electricity Market Operator

In baseball, a utility player is a player who can play several different positions.

In general, each major league baseball team has at least one player who can be described as a utility player. The most famous utility player is probably Pete Rose (though he was not described as such), because during his career, he played left field, right field, center field, third base, second base and finally, first base late in his career. Most professional teams have two types of utility players. There are “utility infielders”, who usually play all of the infield positions (plus occasionally catcher). Utility outfielders, or fourth outfielders, tend to play all three outfield positions as various times. Occasionally, there will be players who perform a combination of the two duties. Utility players tend to be players who come off of the bench, though this isn’t absolute. Often, players who don’t have high prospects to be a major league star will learn additional positions so they can look more attractive to major league clubs as bench talent.

José “The Utilityman” Oquendo is regarded as the most versatile utility player in the modern game, having played every position, including Pitcher.

See also

• Ramon Santiago
• Willie Bloomquist
• Miguel Cairo
• Chone Figgins
• Rex Hudler
• Aubrey Huff
• Rob Mackowiak
• Mark McLemore
• Eli Marrero
• Josh Phelps
• Pete Rose
• Honus Wagner

Mark Derosa

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Natural history or (in Latin) Naturalis Historia is the scientific study of plants or animals.

Natural History may also refer to:

In science and medicine:

• Natural History (Pliny) , Naturalis Historia, a 1st-century work by Pliny the Elder
• Natural History (Lonitzer), a 16th-century work by Adam Lonitzer
• Naturalis Historia Scotiae, a 1684 work by Robert Sibbald
• Natural History (magazine), an American magazine
• Natural History Review, a 19th-century UK quarterly journal
  
• Natural History Publications (Borneo), a publishing house based in Borneo
• Natural history of disease, the uninterrupted progression of a medical condition in an individual
  • Natural history group, subjects in a drug trial that receive no treatment of any kind, whose illness is left to run its course

In music:

• Natural History (I Am Kloot album), a 2001 album by I Am Kloot
• Natural History: The Very Best of Talk Talk, a 1990 album by Talk Talk
• The Natural History (band), an American rock band
  • The Natural History, the band’s 2002 debut EP

In literature:

• A 1992 novel by American writer Maureen Howard
• A 2003 novel by British writer Justina Robson

See also

• Natural theology
• Natural (disambiguation)
• Nature (disambiguation)

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Bundle theory, originated by the 18th century Scottish philosopher David Hume, is the ontological theory about objecthood in which an object consists only of a collection (bundle) of properties, relations, or tropes.

According to bundle theory, an object consists of its properties and nothing more, thus neither can there be an object without properties nor can one even conceive of such an object.
For example, bundle theory claims that thinking of an apple compels one also to think of its color, its shape, the fact that it is a kind of fruit, its cells, its taste, or at least one other of its properties. Thus, the theory asserts that the apple is no more than the collection of its properties. In particular, there is no substance in which the properties inhere.

Arguments for the bundle theory

The difficulty in conceiving of or describing an object without also conceiving of or describing its properties is a common justification for bundle theory, especially among current philosophers in the Anglo-American tradition.

The inability to comprehend any aspect of the thing other than its properties implies, this argument maintains, that one cannot conceive of a bare particular (a substance without properties), an implication that directly opposes substance theory. The conceptual difficulty of bare particulars was illustrated by John Locke when he described a substance by itself, apart from its properties, as “something, I know not what.”

Whether a relation of an object is one of its properties may complicate such an argument. However, the argument concludes that the conceptual challenge of bare particulars leaves a bundle of properties and nothing more as the only possible conception of an object, thus justifying bundle theory.

Objections to the bundle theory

Objections to bundle theory concern the nature of the bundle of properties, the properties’ compresence relation (the togetherness relation between those constituent properties), and the impact of language on understanding reality.

Compresence objection

Bundle theory maintains that properties are bundled together in a collection without describing how are they tied together. For example, bundle theory regards an apple as red, four inches (100 mm) wide, and juicy but lacking an underlying substance. The apple is said to be a bundle of properties including redness, being four inches (100 mm) wide, and juiciness.

Critics, such as Andrew Lee and Paul Cowgill, question how bundle theory accounts for the properties’ compresence (the togetherness relation between those properties) without an underlying substance. Critics also question how any two given properties are determined to be properties of the same object if there is no substance in which they both inhere.

Traditional bundle theory, according to Professor Dustin Moriarty, explains the compresence of properties by defining an object as a collection of properties bound together. Thus, different combinations of properties and relations produce different objects. Redness and juiciness, for example, may be found together on top of the table because they are part of a bundle of properties located on the table, one of which is the “looks like an apple” property.

By contrast, substance theory explains the compresence of properties by asserting that the properties are found together because it is the substance that has those properties. In substance theory, a substance is the thing in which properties inhere. For example, redness and juiciness are found on top of the table because redness and juiciness inhere in an apple, making the ap