Reduce utility bills

Norweb PLC, originally the North West Electricity Board, was a British electricity supply and distribution company. It supplied electricity to about 4.7 million industrial, commercial and domestic customers in the North West of England. The Board was originally formed in 1948 as part of the nationalisation of the electricity industry by the Electricity Act 1947. The assets of the Board passed to Norweb plc in 1990, which was privatised in a stock market floatation later in the same year.

Norweb plc was acquired by Northwest Water in 1995 for £1.83 billion. The combined water and electricity companies became United Utilities (UU). The customer base for the electricity supply arm was subsequently sold off in 2000 to TXU as Norweb Energi. TXU was itself acquired by Powergen in 2002.

UU retained the remainder of the company, including the distribution network in the northwest of England, as Norweb Distribution. In 2001 Norweb was renamed United Utilities Distribution. The company is the licensed Distribution Network Operator for north west England.

See also

• Companies merged into North Western Electricity Board (NWEB)

Water torch can mean:

• An oxyhydrogen torch whose gas supply is generated immediately by water electrolysis.
• The water plant Typha latifolia, because its stems when soaked in oil make good burning torches

• Distinguish from:-
  • A diver’s underwater torch (flashlight).
  • An oxy-gas torch designed to be used underwater.

Trailblazer Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that brings natural gas from Colorado into Nebraska, where the pipeline joins the NGPL. It is owned by Kinder Morgan Energy Partners. Its FERC code is 68.[1]

See also

• List of North American natural gas pipelines

External links

• Pipeline Electronic Bulletin Board

Auxanometer (Gr.”auxain”- “to grow” + metron, “measure”) , an apparatus for measuring increase or rate of growth in plants. It automatically detects and measures plant growth and stores the information in a data logger.

In case of an arc-auxanometer(see picture), there is a wire fixed with the plant apex on one end and a dead-weight on the other. It passes over a pulley which had a pointer attached to it. When there is increase in height of the plant, the pulley rotates and the pointer moves on a circular scale to directly give the magnitude of growth.

References

The Higher Education Act may refer to an Act of either the Congress of the United States or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

• The Higher Education Act of 1965, an Act of the Congress of the United States which was supposed to strengthen the resources of colleges and universities, and to provide financial aid to students. The 2007 extention which has been passed by the Congress, contains provisons giving each public defender and state’s attorney in America a $60,000.00 break on their student loans regardless of their income. On average these attorneys earn $80,000 and many earn over $100,000.00.

• The Higher Education Act 2004, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which introduced several changes to the higher education system.

PR is the complexity class of all primitive recursive functions – or, equivalently, the set of all formal languages that can be decided by such a function. This includes addition, multiplication, exponentiation, tetration, etc.

The Ackermann function is an example of a function that is not primitive recursive, showing that PR is strictly contained in R.

PR functions can be explicitly enumerated, whereas functions in R cannot be (since otherwise the halting problem would be decidable). That is, PR is a “syntactic” class whereas R is “semantic.”

On the other hand, we can “enumerate” any recursively enumerable set (see also its complexity class RE) by a primitive-recursive function in the following sense: given an input (M, k), where M is a Turing machine and k is an integer, if M halts within k steps then output M; otherwise output nothing. Then the union of the outputs, over all possible inputs (M, k), is exactly the set of M that halt.

PR strictly contains ELEMENTARY.

See also

• Primitive recursive function

In calculus, the constant factor rule in differentiation allows you to take constants outside a derivative and concentrate on differentiating the function of x itself. This is a part of the linearity of differentiation.

Suppose you have a function

<math>g(x) = k \cdot f(x).</math>

where k is a constant.

Use the formula for differentiation from first principles to obtain:

<math>g’(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{g(x+h)-g(x)}{h}</math>

<math>g’(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{k \cdot f(x+h) - k \cdot f(x)}{h}</math>

<math>g’(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{k(f(x+h) - f(x))}{h}</math>

<math>g’(x) = k \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h} \quad \mbox{(*)}</math>

<math>g’(x) = k \cdot f’(x).</math>

This is the statement of the constant factor rule in differentiation, in Lagrange’s notation for differentiation.

In Leibniz’s notation, this reads

<math>\frac{d(k \cdot f(x))}{dx} = k \cdot \frac{d(f(x))}{dx}.</math>

If we put k=-1 in the constant factor rule for differentiation, we have:

<math>\frac{d(-y)}{dx} = -\frac{dy}{dx}.</math>

Comment on proof

Note that for this statement to be true, k must be a constant, or else the k can’t be taken outside the limit in the line marked (*).

If k depends on x, there is no reason to think k(x+h) = k(x). In that case the more complicated proof of the product rule applies.

Seva is a word meaning string in Sanskrit. It may imply the connectedness of all things.

Seva may also refer to:

• Volunteer work; selfless service; work offered to God (in Hinduism and Sikihism, and Sant Mat)
• Seva, in Indian cuisine, a snack food made by deep-frying strands of chick pea flour dough flavored with chili powder, salt, and sometimes coriander
• The Seva Foundation, a non-profit foundation that fights blindness and poverty
• Seva, Barcelona, a municipality in the comarca of Osona, Catalonia, Spain
• Sevas Educational Society, an organization in Andhra Pradesh, India, that helps in development of villages.

See also

• Ceva (disambiguation)

Juno and the Paycock is a play by Sean O’Casey, the second of his well-known “Dublin Trilogy” and one of the most highly regarded and oft-performed plays in Ireland. It was first staged at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin in 1924. It is set in the working-class tenements of Dublin in the early 1920s, during the Irish Civil War period (the “Troubles”).

Plot

Juno and the Paycock concerns the Boyle family, who live in the Dublin tenements. The father, “Captain” Jack Boyle (so called because of his status as a retired merchant sailor, his propensity for telling colorful stories of the sea, and his incessant wearing of his nautical-looking hat) constantly tries to evade work by pretending to have pains in his legs, and spends all his money at the pub with his “butty”, Joxer Daly. The mother, Juno, is the only member of the family working, as the daughter Mary is on strike, and the son, Johnny, lost his arm in the Irish War of Independence. Johnny betrayed a comrade in the IRA, and is afraid that he will be executed as punishment. A distant relative dies, and a solicitor, Mr Bentham, brings news that the family has come into money. The family buys goods on credit, and borrow money from neighbours with the intent of paying them back when the fortune arrives.

In the third act tragedy befalls the Boyle family. Mr Bentham, who had been courting Mary, ceases all contact with the family, and it becomes apparent that no money will be forthcoming. As the goods bought with the borrowed money are being taken back, Mr and Mrs Boyle learn that Mary has been impregnated by Mr Bentham. “Captain” Boyle goes with Joxer to a pub to spend the last of his money and take his mind off of the situation. While he is gone, Mrs Boyle learns that her son, Johnny, has been killed, presumably by the IRA. Mary and Juno leave to live with Juno’s sister and Captain Boyle returns to the stage drunk, unaware of his son’s death.

Quotes

“I ofen looked up at the sky an’ assed meself the question - what is the moon, what is the stars?”-Captain Boyle, Act I

“Th’ whole worl’s in a terrible state o’ chassis” - Captain Boyle, Act III

“Never tired o’ lookin’ for a rest”

“it’s nearly time we had a little less respect for the dead, an’ a little more regard for the living.”

“Isn’t all religions curious?-if they weren’t you wouldn’t get anyone to believe in them”

“It’ll have what’s far better- it’ll have two mothers”

Adaptations

In 1930, a British film adaptation of the play was produced. It was directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and featured Edward Chapman and Sara Allgood.

A musical adaptation of the play, titled Juno, was created by Marc Blitzstein (music, lyrics) and Joseph Stein (book), and opened on Broadway in 1959. Shirley Booth starred as Juno Boyle, and Melvyn Douglas as the Captain. The musical version was a flop, closing after 16 performances, but Blitzstein’s score was preserved on the original cast album and is today considered one of the composer’s masterpieces. O’Casey gave his blessing to the project, but never saw the production.

RASC may be:

• Reconfigurable Application-Specific Computing, a specialized Reconfigurable Computing, which is similar to Special High Performance Computing.
• Research and Advocacy Standing Committee, part of the Singapore Children’s Society
• Royal Army Service Corps, a former corps of the British Army
• Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, formed in 1903

Cacholong also known as Kalmuck Agate is a form of commonOpal although it is often mistaken for Agate or Chalcedony. A milky white colour with a Moh hardness of about 6, it is used for carving, cameos etc. Found in Austria, Czech Republic, Mongolia and Uzbekistan; its name possibly comes from a river in Uzbekistan.

A price guide is a book or online site that attempts to deliver accurate and concise valuation information for a good. Many industries and hobbies rely heavily on independent pricing sources when evaluating an item to sell or to purchase. This is most prevalent in the automobile industry and in the world of collectibles such as baseball cards, coins, comics, or stamps. Not only do vendors rely on these guides when determining at what price they should list an item for sale, but interested parties look at price guides when shopping.

In the past, price guides were created by field experts utilizing dealer prices, auction prices (when applicable), and expert opinion(s). Hobby price guides in the Numismatic and Sports Memorabilia arenas have traditionally been print based. Several companies have been particularly strong in this market. As the internet continues to become more and more powerful, so to are the price guides available. Online price guides utilizing actual prices have sprung up in recent years. These guides thrive on actual sales data and other relationships with major auction venues to provide the user with accurate figures.

A utility vault is an underground room providing access to subterranean public utility equipment, such as valves for water or natural gas pipes, or switchgear for electrical or telecommunications equipment.

Utility vaults are commonly constructed out of reinforced concrete boxes, poured cement or brick. Small ones are usually entered through a manhole or grate on the topside. Such vaults are considered confined spaces and can be hazardous to enter. Large utility vaults are similar to mechanical or electrical rooms in design and content.

External link

• National Precast Concrete Association

Rex Carver is a fictional British private eye created by the prolific thriller writer Victor Canning. He appeared in 4 fast-paced, irreverently narrated novels in the 1960s. Although a private eye by profession, Carver knows a number of people who work for a shadowy British undercover agency and he frequently becomes involved with both enemy agents and semi-hostile British agents during his adventures. It is by no means a stretch to call these books spy thrillers or to consider Carver himself a secret agent of sorts.

Perrotet’s Shieldtail snake (Plectrurus perroteti) is a harmless snake found mainly in India. It is a small snake, growing to a maximum of 44 cm in length with a pointed head and blunt tail. It has smooth, glossy scales and is brown in colour. It belongs to the snake family Uropeltidae which is restricted to southern India and Sri Lanka.

Like the Common Worm Snake, these snakes are often mistaken for earthworms. It is seen in the Western Ghats and feed on earthworms. It is considered an endangered species and little else is known about this snake.

Identical twins Christian and Joseph Cousins (born March 17, 1983) are two American actors. As children their first role was the second Bobby Ewing on the soap opera Knots Landing, beginning in 1987. Afterwards, they frequently appeared, usually as the same character, in various television series and films, including Kindergarten Cop and Critters 3, as well as episodes of Father Dowling Mysteries, Eerie, Indiana, and Wings. Joseph is an active member of erksylvania.com, an internet forum for music.

References

• [1](Joseph Cousins)
• [2](Christian Cousins)

External Links

• Joseph’s Myspace
• Christian’s Myspace

There is also an imputation disambiguation page.

In economics, the theory of imputation, first expounded by Carl Menger, maintains that factor prices are determined by output prices.

This is the opposite of the order maintained by classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo (see labor theory of value).

The imputation theory was important because it addressed the question of economic value. Marginalist economists such as Carl Menger and Frank Fetter of the Austrian School maintained that value was not made up of the factors that made up a good; instead, it was made up of the most valuable use that the last good could be put to—the marginal utility of the finished good.

While it was easy to maintain that this was the value of goods consumed by the end user (higher-order goods), it was harder to make this case for lower-order goods which had no end user and merely went into the making of higher-order goods. In effect, lower-order goods do have end users, the manufacturers of higher-order goods. It was these people whose marginal utility decided the factor prices, and their products were valued on their marginal utility to the end users. Thus the factors of production were as sensitive to marginal utility as consumer goods themselves.

The cost of money refers to the availability of credit and the interest rate at which that credit is available, expressed as present future value.

The “cost of money” refers to interest; either interest paid on an existing loan or unearned interest when money is tied up in material assets or other investments that do not generate income.

Production opportunities
Time preferences for consumption
Risk
Inflation

In mathematics, convergence tests are methods to determine if an infinite series converges or diverges.

• Test for divergence. If <math>\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n \neq 0</math>, then <math>\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n</math> diverges.

• Comparison test. The terms of the sequence <math>\left \{ a_n \right \}</math> are compared to those of another sequence <math>\left \{ b_n \right \}</math>. If, for all n,

<math>0 \le \ a_n \le \ b_n</math>, and <math>\sum_{n=1}^\infty b_n</math> converges, then so does <math>\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n</math>.

However, if, for all n,

<math>0 \le \ b_n \le \ a_n</math>, and <math>\sum_{n=1}^\infty b_n</math> diverges, then so does <math>\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n</math>.

• Ratio test. Assume that for all n, <math>a_n > 0</math>. Suppose that there exists <math>r</math> such that

<math>\lim_{n \to \infty} \left|\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\right| = r</math>.

If r < 1, then the series converges. If r > 1, then the series diverges. If r = 1, the ratio test is inconclusive, and the series may converge or diverge.

• Root test or nth root test. Define r as follows:

<math>r = \limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sqrt[n]{|a_n|},</math>

where “lim sup” denotes the limit superior (possibly ∞; if the limit exists it is the same value).

If r < 1, then the series converges. If r > 1, then the series diverges. If r = 1, the root test is inconclusive, and the series may converge or diverge.

• Integral test. The series can be compared to an integral to establish convergence or divergence. Let <math>f(n) = a_n</math> be a positive and monotone decreasing function. If

<math>\int_{1}^{\infty} f(x)\, dx = \lim_{t \to \infty} \int_{1}^{t} f(x)\, dx < \infty,</math>

then the series converges. But if the integral diverges, then the series does so as well.

• Limit comparison test. If <math>\left \{ a_n \right \}, \left \{ b_n \right \} > 0</math>, and the limit <math>\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{a_n}{b_n}</math> exists and is not zero, then <math>\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n</math> converges if and only if <math>\sum_{n=1}^\infty b_n</math> converges.

• Alternating series test. Also known as the Leibniz criterion, the alternating series test states that for an alternating series of the form <math>\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n (-1)^n</math>, if <math>\left \{ a_n \right \}</math> is monotone decreasing, and has a limit of 0, then the series converges.

• Cauchy condensation test. If <math>\left \{ a_n \right \}</math> is a positive monotone decreasing sequence, then

<math> \sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n </math> converges if and only if <math> \sum_{k=1}^\infty 2^k a_{2^k} </math> converges.

• Dirichlet’s test

• Abel’s test

• Raabe’s test

• For some specific types of series there are more specialized convergence tests, for instance for Fourier series there is the Dini test.

Comparison

The root test is stronger than the ratio test (it is more powerful because the required condition is weaker): whenever the ratio test determines the convergence or divergence of an infinite series, the root test does too, but not conversely.[1]

For example, for the series

1 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.25 + 0.125 + 0.125 + …

convergence follows from the root test but not from the ratio test.

References

A compound modifier (also called a compound adjective) is an adjectival or adverbial phrase of two or more words. According to modern writing guides, compound modifiers require a hyphen between each word (not between the phrase and the noun the phrase modifies). Hyphens help prevent confusion; otherwise, a reader might interpret the words separately, rather than as a phrase. One or more hyphens join the words into a single idea.

Examples

• Long-term contract (not “long term contract”, a long contract about a term)
• Hard-fought battle
• Better-educated individuals
• “Science-fiction writers write science fiction” — note the difference
• Military-history experts

Exceptions

• Do not use a hyphen following adverbs that end in -ly (quickly forgotten incident).
• Do not use a hyphen following “very” (very elaborate presentation).
• Most phrases that need hyphens as compound modifiers should not be hyphenated if they come after the noun they describe: “a contract for a long term.”

These rules and exceptions are generally subject to a writer’s judgment and may be applied differently to avoid confusion. The Times Online Style Guide suggests using the hyphen “when the phrase would otherwise be ambiguous.”

Examples of non-compound modifiers

• Oxygen free radicals (free radicals that contain oxygen — not to confuse with oxygen-free radicals, radicals that are oxygen-free)
• A new looking glass (not to confuse with a new-looking glass, looking glass being a rather old-fashioned term for a mirror)

References

• The Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. (1992)
• “Hyphens” in the Style Guide of the Economist
• “A” (see under “adverbs”) in the Times Online Style Guide

Licensure refers to the granting of a license (in the US and Canada, whilst, elsewhere the term registration is used), usually to work in a particular profession or to obtain a privilege such as to drive a car or truck. Many privileges and professions require a license from the government (generally the state government) in order to ensure that the public will not be harmed by the incompetence of the practitioners. Doctors, nurses, lawyers, psychologists, and public accountants are some examples of professions that require licensure.

People become licensed through training and/or passing an exam. In many cases, an individual must complete certain steps, such as acquiring an educational degree in a particular area of study, before becoming eligible to attempt licensure. Individuals sometimes advertise their licensed status by appending an acronym to their name: Jane Doe, CPA.

Licensure may be perpetual or may need to be renewed periodically. It is very common for renewal to depend in part or whole upon evidence of continual learning–often termed in the US continuing education or earning continuing education units (CEU).

Licenses are generally offered within jurisdictions which are usually states or territories. This creates interesting problems. Jurisdictions may have wildly varying requirements for obtaining a license. For some licensees, it is hard or impossible to move their practice to a new jurisdiction and obtain licensure in the new jurisdiction. And there are questions of legal authority: If a doctor provides medical advice over the Internet to an individual in another jurisdiction, is she practicing licensed medicine in her jurisdiction or unlicensed medicine in the patient’s jurisdiction?

Licensure is similar to professional certification, and sometimes synonymous, but generally, certification is not mandatory to be able to legally practice the profession.

Restricting entry

Milton Friedman (1979) notes that licensure is widely used to restrict entry, particularly for occupations like medicine that have many individual practitioners dealing with a large number of individual customers (see for example the American Medical Association). The justification given by advocates for licensure is always to protect the consumer through professional, educational and/or ethical standards of practice; however, Friedman believes that the real motivation behind licensure is to forcibly limit the supply of specific kinds of labor in order to raise their wages at the consumer’s cost.

“It is hard to regard altruistic concern for their customers as the primary motive behind their determined efforts to get legal power to decide who may be a plumber” (Friedman 1979).

In Rhode Island, barbers, cosmetologists, arborists, massage therapists, landscape architects, chauffeurs, and even boxers are licensed.

Examples of professions requiring licensure

• Acupuncture
• Architecture
• Chiropractic
• Emergency medical technician
• Lawyer
• Music therapy
• Naturopathic medicine
• Nursing
• Paramedic
• Medicine
• Physiotherapy
• Profession
• Professional Engineer
• Security Guard/Bouncer
• Teacher

References

• Friedman, Milton & Rose (1979). Free to Choose. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-133481-1.
• http://www.dlt.ri.gov/lmi/jobseeker/license.htm

External links

• Licensing Occupations: Ensuring Quality or Restricting Competition by Morris M. Kleiner

Pacific Gas & Electric v. Public Utilities Commission, 475 U.S. 1 (1986), was a court case involving the requirement that San Francisco-based public utility Pacific Gas and Electric Company carry a message supplied by a public interest group in rebuttal to the messages the utility supplied in its newsletter which it placed in its billing envelope.

The rationale used by the regulatory agency was that the space in the billing envelope which could have material added that did not increase postage, belonged to the ratepayers rather than the utility, thus the commission could order the utility to allow other groups to use that space subject to restrictions.

The U.S. Supreme Court found the order of the California Public Utilities Commission requirement to be unconstitutional, as the right to speak includes the right not to carry messages one disagrees with. As the court stated, “the choice to speak includes within it the choice of what not to say.”

This is one of the cases which has essentially provided that, with extremely limited exceptions, the essentially absolute right of a publisher to choose not to carry messages it does not agree with.

Projects in the Jungle is a glam metal album by heavy metal band Pantera, released in 1984 (see 1984 in music). The title track’s musical style is a foreshadowing of what was to come a few years later, as it features a thrashy guitar riff with more “Groove” like breakdowns.

Track listing

• All tracks by Pantera.

1. “All Over Tonight” – 3:36
2. “Out for Blood” – 3:09
3. “Blue Light Turnin’ Red” – 1:38
4. “Like Fire” – 4:01
5. “In Over My Head” – 3:58
6. “Projects in the Jungle” – 3:05
7. “Heavy Metal Rules” – 4:18
8. “Only a Heartbeat Away” – 4:01
9. “Killers” – 3:30
10. “Takin’ My Life” – 4:31

Credits

• Terry Glaze – Vocals
• Diamond Darrell (credited as Darrell Abbott) – Guitar
• Vinnie Paul (credited as Vince Abbott) – Drums
• Rex Brown (credited as Rexx Rocker) – Bass

MVS/ESA: MVS Enterprise System Architecture. Version of MVS, first introduced as MVS/SP Version 3 in February 1988. Replaced by/renamed as OS/390 late 1995.

MVS/ESA OpenEdition: Version of MVS/ESA announced February 1993 with support for POSIX standards. Included about 1 million new lines of code which provide an API shell, utilities, and an extended user interface. Works with a hierarchical file system provided by DFSMS (Data Facility System Managed Storage). The shell and utilities are based on Mortice Kerns’ InterOpen products. Independent specialists reckon it was over 80% open systems-compliant – more than most Unix systems. DCE2 support announced February 1994, and lots of application development tools in March 1995. Mid 1995 IBM started to stop referring to OpenEdition as a separate entity, as all the open features became a standard part of vanilla MVS/ESA. Under OS/390, it became Unix System Services, and has kept that name under z/OS.

A vigilance committee is an unofficial grouping within a trade union, formed for the purpose of putting pressure on that union’s leadership to pursue alternative policies or to pursue existing policies with increased vigour. Vigilance committees are usually formed when large numbers of union members disagree with the union’s official policy, believe that they cannot trust the leadership to protect their interests properly, or that it is necessary for union members to scrutinise the actions of the leadership. In the United Kingdom, vigilance committees were widespread during the 1920s, appearing, for example, amongst seamen, dockers and railwaymen. These vigilance committees were influenced by communist militants of the National Minority Movement. Vigilance committees were also common in 1940s or 1950s, although by this stage most such bodies did not use the term vigilance committee, preferring alternate terms such as Reform Movement.

The Scissors Crisis is the name for an incident in early Soviet history during the New Economic Policy (NEP), when there was a widening gap between industrial and agricultural prices.

Like the blades of a pair of scissors, the prices of industrial and agricultural goods diverged, reaching a peak in October 1923 where industrial prices were 276 percent of their 1913 levels, while agricultural prices were only 89 percent (the name was coined by Trotsky after the scissors-shaped price/time graph). This meant that peasants’ incomes fell, and it became difficult for them to buy manufactured goods. As a result, peasants began to stop selling their produce and revert to subsistence farming, leading to fears of a famine.

Causes

The crisis happened because agricultural production had rebounded quickly from the famine of 1921-1922 and the civil war. In contrast, the industry took longer to recover, due to the need to rebuild infrastructure. Furthermore, the problem was exacerbated by the government seeking to avoid another famine by keeping the bread grain prices at artificially low levels.

The widening gap in prices also showcased the inelastic nature of trading with the peasants. For example, a peasant did not need to buy a lantern from the state, as they could simply make candles themselves. Whilst on the other hand, peasants were unlikely to respond, according to classic economics, to lower prices by selling more grain to buy more goods; instead farmers would rather either eat more or work less, as they did not require these goods. Chris Ward, Stalin’s Russia (Oxford, 1999) p. 73. It is worth noting that due to the NEP being implemented in 1921, it had rapid success, and by 1923 (the year of the Scissor Crisis), factory output had a huge increase of 200%, along with cereal output rising by 23%. Due to the success in the countryside, food prices fell, whereas industrial prices remained constant, and therefore the Smychka (union with peasants) was jeopardised.

Actions

To combat the crisis, the government reduced costs of industrial production by cutting staffs, rationalizing production, controlling wages and benefits and reducing the influence of traders and middlemen (NEPmen) by expanding the network of consumer cooperatives (such as the People’s Commissariat of Trade).

As a result of these actions, the imbalance started to decrease. By April 1924, the agricultural price index had reach 92 (compared to its 1913 level) and the industrial index had fallen to 131.

The scissors crisis caused many problems in the long term for the NEP - causing tensions seen pre-1917 revolution.

References

External links

• Smychka and the Scissors Crisis at Seventeen Moments in Soviet History

Net 30 is a form of trade credit which specifies payment is expected to be received in full 30 days after the goods are delivered. Net 30 terms are often coupled with a credit for early payment; e.g. the notation “2% 10, net 30″ indicates that a 2% discount is provided if payment is received within 10 days of the delivery of goods, and that full payment is expected within 30 days.

Klipper is a clipboard utility for the KDE interface. It allows users of Unix-like operating systems running the KDE desktop environment to access a history of X Selections, any item of which can be reselected for pasting.

Similar Software

• Glipper
• Clipman
• Desktop Data Manager

See also

• X Window selection

Compilation may refer to:

• Compilation (programming), translation of source code into object code by a compiler
• Compilation, in accountancy, the presentation of information in the form of financial statements that are the representation of management, without expressing any opinion or assurance regarding them
• Compilation, a record album or CD consisting of thematically related musical tracks
• Anthology, a collection of short works, most often poetry or short stories
• Compilation (games), a video game bundle.

Playboy’s Book of Forbidden Words was first published in 1972 by Playboy Press and distributed by Simon & Schuster. Written by Robert Anton Wilson, it is sub-titled ‘A liberated dictionary of improper English, containing over 700 uninhibited definitions of erotic and scatological terms’. The paperback edition’s cover featured Mercy Rooney. It is a collection of ‘items’ from “Abbess” to “Zoophilia Erotica”.

Interviewed by “Common Ground”, Vancouver (July 1999 Issue), Wilson talked about how he’d been tinkering with Playboy’s Book of Forbidden Words, which he considered his worst book — worst, that is, after the editors at Playboy did to the book “what the Roman Army did to the Sabine women”. Claiming ignorance and inexperience, he hadn’t objected at the time. If he had later rewritten the book the way he had wanted it to be the first time, he would have called it Robert Anton Wilson’s Book of Black Magick and Curses. He aims to include all the anthropological and neurolinguistic theorems that Playboy removed.
Portions of this work are reprinted, redited by Wilson with an added explanation of his problem with Playboy, in his 1988 work Coincidance.

In German and Austrian patent laws, the Gebrauchsmuster (GBM, GbM or Gbm), also known as German utility model or Austrian utility model, is a patent-like, intellectual property right protecting inventions.

The Gebrauchsmuster is slightly different from the patent. It mainly differs from the patent in that processes and methods cannot be protected by a Gebrauchsmuster, only products can. Furthermore, the term of a Gebrauchsmuster, that is its maximal life time, is 10 years from the date of registration. In contrast, a patent has usually a term of 20 years from the date of filing of the application.

Germany

The German utility model has some interesting characteristics, when compared to the German patent or to the European patent designating Germany:

• Prior art considered for examining novelty and inventive step is somewhat more limited:
  • Oral disclosures are not taken into account, only written disclosures are taken into account;
  • Public prior use outside Germany is not taken into account;
  • A six-month grace period before the priority date is provided for written disclosures or prior public use made by applicants or their predecessors in title.
• They are not substantially examined. Only registration is sufficient to obtain a utility model.

German utility models are however made available to the public directly when they are registered (Eintragungstag), i.e. before the publication date (Bekanntmachung). In contrast, patents are made available to the public 18 months after the filing date, unless the applicant requests early publication.

Austria

The Austrian utility model is similar to the German utility model. The main differences are:

• A search report is carried out within 6 to 8 months. No additional searching fee is required.
• The range of protection is broader than the German utility model. There is additional protection for:
  • Logic algorithm for computer software
  • Processes
  • Therapy methods for animals

See also

• Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt (German Patent and Trade Mark Office)
• Geschmacksmuster (German industrial design right)
• Österreichisches Patentamt (Austrian Patent and Trade Mark Office)

External links

• Utility model, basic principles, in the English section of the Austrian Patent Office web site

In economics and financial theory, analysts use random walk techniques to model behavior of asset prices, in particular share prices on stock markets, currency exchange rates and commodity prices. This practice has its basis in the presumption that investors act rationally and without bias, and that at any moment they estimate the value of an asset based on future expectations. Under these conditions, all existing information affects the price, which changes only when new information comes out. By definition, new information appears randomly and influences the asset price randomly.

Empirical studies have demonstrated that prices do not completely follow random walks. Low serial correlations (around 0.05) exist in the short term, and slightly stronger correlations over the longer term. Their sign and the strength depend on a variety of factors.

Researchers have found that some of the biggest price deviations from random walks result from seasonal and temporal patterns. In particular, returns in January significantly exceed those in other months (January effect) and on Mondays stock prices go down more than on any other day. Observers have noted these effects in many different markets for more than half a century, but without succeeding in giving a completely satisfactory explanation for their persistence.

Technical analysis uses most of the anomalies to extract information on future price movements from historical data. But some economists, for example Eugene Fama, argue that most of these patterns occur accidentally, rather than as a result of irrational or inefficient behavior of investors: the huge amount of data available to researchers for analysis allegedly causes the fluctuations.

Another school of thought, behavioral finance, attributes non-randomness to investors’ cognitive and emotional biases.

Consumers Distributing was a catalogue store in Canada and the United States that operated from 1957 to 1997. At its peak, it operated 217 outlets, including almost 90 stores in Boston, New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. Its US corporate headquarters was 200 Metroplex Drive in Edison, NJ. At least four stores were operated in the United States, one in Stamford, CT, one in East Meadow, New York, Ramsey, NJ and one in Bayside, NY. These stores are now (2007) a Staples, CVS and Eckerd respectively. Other US stores were located in California, but most of the western operations had been divested by 1986 including the Sparks, Nevada warehouse.

The first Consumers Distributing store was opened in 1957 by Jack Stupp in Toronto.

Consumers Distributing aimed to reduce costs for customers by storing goods in an inexpensive warehouse, instead of displaying them in a costly showroom. Customers made their selections from a catalogue, filled out a slip with product identification, and waited for staff to retrieve the items from the warehouse.

The company was taken public in 1969, but later sold to Provigo, a Quebec-based grocery retailer.

Hudson’s Bay Company, which operates Canadian department stores under the Bay and Zellers names, opened the “Shop-Rite” catalogue chain in competition. It was closed in 1982. US competition was Best Products (also known simply as Best) a now defunct chain of American catalog showroom retail stores, formerly headquartered in Richmond, Virginia.

Consumers sought bankruptcy protection in 1996 after an aggressive expansion strategy failed to make the company sustainable. Sales had dropped from $1.8 billion in 1988 to $580 million in 1995. Consumers Distributing was plagued by products being frequently out of stock, and by new warehouse format stores that allowed customers to retrieve products themselves. A similar format store in the United States, Service Merchandise, had also failed at nearly the same time.

Consumers Distributing was plagued more by the perception of things “always being out of stock” due to the catalogue shopping nature of the store. In a store like Wal-Mart, customers seeking a particular product go to the store to shop. With the catalogue concept, the customer selects the item either at home while looking through the company’s catalogue, or by a group of catalogues in the front of every store. Once the customer picks out the merchandise that he or she wants, the customer then goes to the counter where the clerk then goes to retrieve it off the warehouse shelves. It was not uncommon for a customer to wait on line only to be told by a clerk that the merchandise was not in stock. Consumers did not have a computerized inventory until the late 1980s, which meant that the company was not able to track what merchandise was in the stores or what merchandise was wanted by customers.

When a product is out of stock, or unavailable from the manufacturer, this creates an “out of stock” problem for a catalogue store, which it does not create for a store who displays their in-stock items. When a customer goes to Wal-mart, they see that they have 10 different products in stock. At Consumers, the customer chose one item, which may not have been in stock. They did not see that there were 15 other similar items that are in stock.

Consumers initiated several initiatives to dispel this “out of stock” perception including “super stores” that had all of the available, in-stock products on display; and free home delivery or store to store transfer for items that were not in stock. They also implemented a state-of-the-art inventory system that could check the availability of other stores in real time, and also would suggest alternate products at the store which were in stock. Consumers was one of the first to initiate this “real time” stock check and prepayment of products available at other branches and the main warehouse. Unfortunately, these initiatives, including the superstore expansion, costly free delivery, and costly new inventory management software overextended the company. This, and increasing competition from American retailers such as Wal-Mart and Sears led to the company’s bankruptcy in 1996.

Florence Henderson once represented Consumers Distributing in television commercials based on the theme “Consumers, we wrote the book, on-savings!”

Former locations

• Antioch, CA
• Berkeley, CA
• Clayton, CA
• Dublin, CA
• San Pablo, CA
• Mountain View, CA - Mayfield Mall
• Pleasant Hill, CA
• Walnut Creek, CA
• Stamford, CT
• NJ
• Bayside, NY
• East Meadow, NY
• Boston
• Ramsey, NJ
• Toronto
• London, ON
• North Bay, ON
• St. Thomas, ON
• Brooklyn, NY
• Oceanside, NY

See also

• List of Canadian department stores
• Service Merchandise - a defunct American company with similar business model

objdump is a program for displaying various information about object files. For instance, it can be used as a disassembler to view executable in assembly form. It is part of the GNU binutils for fine-grained control over executable and other binary data.

For example, to completely disassemble a binary:

objdump -Dslx file

objdump uses the BFD library to read the contents of object files. readelf, also included in the binutils package, is similar to objdump but it can only read ELF files and it does not use the BFD library.

External links

• GNU Binary Utilities: objdump
• GNU Binary Utilities: readelf

Disk Copy was the default utility for handling disk images in System 7 through Mac OS X 10.2 (Usable in System Software 6 as well). In later versions of Mac OS X it has been replaced by DiskImageMounter for mounting the images and Disk Utility for creating them.

Supported image formats

• Disk Copy
• Disk Copy 4.2
• DiskSet
• PC drive container
• raw disk image

See also

• DiskImageMounter — The Mac OS X 10.3 and later successor.
• Disk Utility — Creates disk images in Mac OS X 10.3 and later.
• RaWrite and RaWrite2 for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows
• dd (Unix)

ArchiLab is an annual architectural exposition and conference held in Orleans in France. So far, there have been ArchiLab projects every year from 1999 to 2006.

ArchiLab 2001

More than 90 architects were invited to present their projects during the Third International Meeting on Architecture held in Orléans in 2001. This meeting brings together the architects of the world for whom lodging together is a chance for thinking about new conceptual strategies. Faced with an increasing standardization in the construction industry and the fashion of dwellings in constant change, the challenge of the innovator is to adapt to these times of constant change.
Modern communications have introduced us to a greater cultural diversity but, on the other hand, increasing industrialization has led to uniformity in the construction process.

The projects are grouped in a way to represent various attitudes towards the question of housing.

• Individual or collective habitation
• Flexibility
• Effects on landscape
• New life styles
• Subversion
• Form and process of creation

External links

• Main ArchiLab website (bilingual English/French)
• ArchiLab 2001 English-language site

Remains of the Radio is the final album from the college-rock group,
Troop 47. It was released in March 2004.

Themes of the album

The general theme running through the album is one of self-doubt and loss.

The opening track, “Wish You Were Me” begins with an a cappella vocal stating, “I know one thing, and that’s for sure, I can’t win.” After spending the album looking at the hardships of life through various eyes, the album ends with a repeating mantra “Well, maybe it’s me” in the song “White Label”, referring to problems with substance abuse and mental health.

Songs such as “From Under You” and the title track deal with nostalgia, the desire for a simpler time or childlike innocence. This a theme also found in the last record, Monsters and Marbles.

The songs “Wonderful Insane” and “Long, Long Saturday” deal with failed relationships, “Bandstand” deals with failed dreams, and “Fuzzy” along with “Flight Of Ideas” look critically at alcoholism and drug abuse.

Track listing

1. “Wish You Were Me”
2. “From Under You”
3. “Remains of the Radio”
4. “Fuzzy”
5. “Wonderful Insane”
6. “Bandstand”
7. “Girl From NYC”
8. “Long, Long Saturday”
9. “Flight Of Ideas”
10. “Driver”
11. “White Label”

The four unities is a concept in the common law of real property describing conditions that must exist in order for certain kinds of property interests to be created. Specifically, in order for two or more people to own property as joint tenants with right of survivorship, or for a married couple to own property as tenants by the entirety, they must have the following unities:

• Time = interest must be acquired by both tenants at the same time
  • At common law, the “time” requirement could be satisfied only by using a “straw man” to create a joint tenancy. The party creating the joint tenancy would have to convey title to a fictional straw man, who would then transfer title to the two parties as joint tenants.
• Title = both tenants must have the same title to the property in the deed
• Interest = both tenants must have the same interest in the property
  • This means that the joint tenants must have the same type of interest, and the interest must run for the same duration. For example, if X and Y create a joint tenancy, both X and Y’s interests must be in Fee Simple Absolute. If X has a FSA and Y has a life estate, there is no unity of “interest.”
• Possession = both tenants must have the right to possess the whole property

• Marriage = In order for there to be a tenancy by the entirety this fifth unity must be present. Marriage combined with the preceding four unities creates a tenancy by the entirety. A tenancy by the entirety gives rise to certain legal rights, such as rights of surviviors, when one spouse is deceased that interest automatically passes to the surviving spouse.

If any of the four units is broken and it is not a tenancy by the entirety, the ownership reverts to a tenancy in common.

A

Bachelor of Applied Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course of study that generally lasts three years in the United Kingdom and Australia, and four to five years in Canada, the Netherlands and the United States. In Canada and the Netherlands, the Bachelor of Applied Science is an alternate name that is equivalent to the Bachelor of Engineering, and is considered to be a professional degree.

A Bachelor of Applied Science degree usually requires a student to take a majority of their courses in the applied sciences, specializing in a specific area such as the following:

• Engineering - General
• Biological engineering
• Biochemical engineering
• Chemical engineering
• Civil engineering
• Computer engineering
• Electrical engineering
• Environmental engineering
• Engineering science and mechanics
• Geological engineering
• Industrial engineering
• Mechanical engineering
• Mechatronics engineering
• Mining engineering
• Software engineering
• Space engineering

A Bachelor of Applied Science degree does not necessarily require the study of an engineering discipline. Majors may be taken in more practical applications of sciences such as applied physics or applied chemistry. Most universities that offer this degree require a rigorous course schedule.

A graduate of a Bachelor of Applied Science program receives the designation BAS, B.ASc., B.A.Sc., B.App.Sc, B.Appl.Sc, or B.S. for a major or pass degree and BAS(Hons), B.ASc.(Hons), B.A.Sc.(Hons) and B.S. or others for an honours degree.

The A562 is a road in England which runs from Liverpool to Warrington.

At Liverpool the road is known at first as Parliament Street, then Upper Parliament Street, Smithdown Road, Allerton Road, Menlove Avenue, Hillfoot Road, Hillfoot Avenue and Higher Road, before joining Speke Boulevard.
It ends in Penketh in Warrington.

External links

The reality condition is a proprerty of Fourier transforms:

If <math>f(t)</math> is a real function (not complex), then its Fourier transform <math>g(\omega)</math> satisfies

<math>g*(\omega) = g(-\omega)</math>

where <math>*</math> denotes the complex conjugate. This is saying that the real part of the function <math>g(\omega)</math> is symmetric about the point <math>\omega=0</math>.

In mathematical logic, structural proof theory is the subdiscipline of proof theory that studies proof calculi that support a notion of analytic proof.

The notion of analytic proof was introduced by Gerhard Gentzen for the sequent calculus; there the analytic proofs are those that are cut-free. His natural deduction calculus also supports a notion of analytic proof, as was shown by Dag Prawitz; the definition is slightly more complex — we say the analytic proofs are the normal forms, which are related to the notion of normal form in term rewriting.

Structures and connectives

The term structure in structural proof theory comes from a technical notion introduced in the sequent calculus: the sequent calculus represents the judgement made at any stage of an inference using special, extra-logical operators which we call structural operators: in <math>A_1, \dots, A_m \vdash B_1, \dots, B_n</math>, the commas to the left of the turnstile are operators normally interpreted as conjunctions, those to the right as disjunctions, whilst the turnstile symbol itself is interpreted as an implication. However, it is important to note that there is a fundamental difference in behaviour between these operators and the logical connectives they are interpreted by in the sequent calculus: the structural operators are used in every rule of the calculus, and are not considered when asking whether the subformula property applies. Furthermore, the logical rules go one way only: logical structure is introduced by logical rules, and cannot be eliminated once created, while structural operators are free to be made and unmade in the course of a derivation.

The idea of looking at the syntactic features of sequents as special, non-logical operators is not old, and was forced by innovations in proof theory: when the structural operators are as simple as in Getzen’s original sequent calculus there is little need to analyse them, but proof calculi of deep inference such as display logic support structural operators as complex as the logical connectives, and demand sophisticated treatment.

Cut-elimination in the sequent calculus

Main article: cut-elimination

Natural deduction and the formulae-as-types correspondence

Main article: natural deduction

Logical duality and harmony

Main article: logical harmony

Display logic

Main article: display logic

Calculus of structures

Main article: calculus of structures

Michael ‘Mike’ Vernon A.M. (2 April 1932 – 6 November 1993) was a prominent Australian consumer activist. Vernon was born in Portsmouth, United Kingdom in 1932 to John Ernest Vernon (a writer in the Royal Navy) and Caroline Vernon (nee Clark) (later a cryptologist in the Royal Navy). He emigrated to Australia in 1955 and settled in Canberra, Australia. He was a joint founder of Canberra Consumer (a consumer activist group and publisher of a quarterly magazine) in 1962 and served on the Executive of Canberra Consumer until his death in 1993.

As an early Australian consumer activist, he was best known for his work on improving condom reliability, banning lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in children’s toys and house paint throughout Australia, improving car safety, banning certain pesticides in the Asia-Pacific Region and stopping the dumping of unsafe products into third world countries.

He was appointed Chairman of the Australian Capital Territory Consumer Affairs Council in 1973 by the Minister for Territories, Keppel Enderby MP and held that position until 1993. He helped establish the Australian Federation of Consumer Organizations (AFCO) (now known as the Consumers’ Federation of Australia (CFA) and with Warren Braren of Consumers Union (USA) he turned the International Organization of Consumer Unions (IOCU) (now known as Consumers International) concept for a world wide “Consumer Interpol” into a reality. He was a member of the Australian Press Council and held many other positions on Government boards and committees.

He was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 1985 for services to consumer affairs and was also awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977, also for services to consumer affairs.

He was married in 1959 to Jeanette Wilkinson. He has two children, Julia (1960) and David Vernon (1965).

He died from a rare bone cancer, multiple myeloma, which was attributed to his paid work with radioactive materials at Australia’s first major uranium mine in Rum Jungle in the Northern Territory and later at the Australian National University Research School of Physical Sciences and Research School of Earth Sciences.

Many people around the world owe their lives to Mike Vernon’s actions to improve product safety. Quoted at his funeral were Shakespeare’s words:

How far that little candle throws his beams!

So shines a good deed in a naughty world.

References

Who’s Who in Australia, 1988, ISSN 0180-8226, Herald & Weekly Times, Melbourne, Australia

In the Consumer Interest - A selected history of consumer affairs in Australia 1945-2000, 2000, Simon Smith, Society of Consumer Affairs Professionals, Melbourne, Australia

In metadata, time is a representation term used to specify a time of day in the in ISO 8601 time format.

Note that Time should not be confused with the DateAndTime representation term which requires that both the date and time to be supplied.

Metadata registries that use the time representation term

• NIEM
• ebXML
• GJXDM

See also

• metadata
• ISO/IEC 11179
• Representation term
• ISO 8601

Fixed-income arbitrage is an investment strategy generally associated with hedge funds, which consists of the discovery and exploitation of inefficiencies in the pricing of bonds, i.e. instruments from either public or private issuers yielding a contractually fixed stream of income.

Most arbitrageurs who employ this strategy trade globally.

In pursuit of their goal of both steady returns and low volatility, the arbitrageurs can focus upon interest rate swaps, US non-US government bond arbitrage, see US Treasury security, forward yield curves, and/or mortgage-backed securities.

The practice of fixed-income arbitrage in general has been compared to that of running in front of a steam roller to pick up nickels lying on the street [1].

See also

Long-Term Capital Management

This is an article about the biscuit. For other uses see Garibaldi (disambiguation)

The Garibaldi biscuit consists of currants squashed between two thin, rectangular biscuits - a currant sandwich. In this respect it has elements common with its larger, flaky pastry cousin, the Eccles Cake.

Popular with British consumers as a snack for nearly 150 years, the Garibaldi biscuit is conventionally consumed with a beverage such as tea or coffee, into which it may be dunked in informal social settings.

Appearance

When bought in supermarkets in the UK (under several brands, including own label, all remarkably similar), Garibaldi biscuits usually come in four strips of five biscuits each. They have a golden brown, glazed exterior appearance and a moderately sweet pastry, but their defining characteristic is the generous layer of squashed fruit which gives rise to the colloquial names by which dysphemically-inclined consumers know them: fly sandwiches, fly cemeteries, dead fly biscuits or squashed fly biscuits, because the squashed fruit are said to resemble dead flies.

History

The Garibaldi biscuit was named after Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian general and leader of the fight to unify Italy, who made a popular visit to England. It was first manufactured by the Bermondsey biscuit company Peek Freans in 1861 following the recruitment of one of the great biscuit makers of Scotland, John Carr.

See also

• Flies graveyard

External links

• Discussion of history of Garibaldi biscuits

Hard surface cleaners is a category of specialty chemicals.

Light duty hard surface cleaners would include products like Windex, which is not intended to handle heavy dirt and grease, but only to remove light loads of dirt and oil films on surfaces that are already fairly clean. Generally, these products are expected to clean without rinsing and result in a streak-free shine.

Medium duty hard surface cleaners would include products such as Formula 409. They are expected to handle fairly heavy deposits of grease or dirt, and may require rinsing.

Dishwashing liquids would include products like Dawn. They are expected to handle fairly heavy deposits of grease or food, and in addition, need to be high-sudsing, so that grease floating on top of the water doesn’t redeposit as a film as the dishes are removed from the dishwater.

Dishwasher cleaners such as Electrosol have similar requirements to dishwashing liquids. Unlike most hard surface cleaners, they can be very harsh as they do not come in contact with the skin. However, they must be low-sudsing.

Heavy duty hard surface cleaners such as Comet cleanser include abrasives.

Toilet bowl cleaners such as Sani-Flush are not primarily for the removal of organic material, but for the removal of hard water deposits. Generally, these products are acidic in nature, something that in the United States, the Consumer Product Safety Commission discourages in other cleaners.

The world3 nonrenewable resource sector is the portion of the world3 model that simulates the nonrenewable resources. The World3 model was a simulation of human interaction with the environment designed in the 1970s to predict population and living standards over the course the next 100 years. The nonrenewable resource sector of the world3 model was used to calculate the cost and usage rates of nonrenewable resources. In the context of this model, nonrenewable resources were resources that there is a finite amount of on Earth, such as iron ore, oil, or coal. This model assumes that regardless of how much money is spent on extraction, there is a finite limit for the amount of nonrenewable resources that can be extracted.

Overview

The model combines all possible nonrenewable resources into one aggregate variable, nonrenewable_resources. This combines both energy resources and non-energy resources. Examples of nonrenewable energy resources would include oil and coal. Examples of material nonrenewable resources would include aluminum and zinc. This assumption allows costless substitution between any nonrenewable resource. The model ignores differences between discovered resources and undiscovered resources.

The model assumes that as greater percentages of total nonrenewable resources are used, the amount of effort used to extract the nonrenewable resources will increase.
The way this cost is done is as a variable fraction_of_capital_allocated_to_obtaining_resources, or abbreviated fcaor. The way this variable is used is in the equation that calculates industrial output. Basically, it works as effective_output = industrial_capital*other_factors*(1-fcaor). This causes the amount of resources expended to depend on the amount of industrial capital, and not on the amount of resources consumed.

The consumption of nonrenewable resources is determined by a nonlinear function of the per capita industrial output. The higher the per capita industrial output, the higher the nonrenewable resource consumption.

Cost of obtaining nonrenewable resources

The fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resources is dependent only on the nonrenewable_resource_fraction_remaining, or abbreviated nrfr. This variable is the current amount of non-renewable resources divided by the initial amount of non-renewable resources available. As such nrfr starts out as 1.0 and decreases as world3 runs. Fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resources is dependent on nrfr as interpolated values from the following table:

Qualitatively, this basically states that the relative amount of non-renewable resources decreases, the amount capital required to extract the resources increases. To more deeply examine this table requires examining the equation that it comes from, effective_output = industrial_capital*other_factors*(1-fcaor) So, if industrial capital and the other factors (described in the capital sector) are the same, then 1 unit of the effective capital when nrfr is 1.0 the effective output is 0.95 (= 1.0 * ( 1 - 0.05)). So, when nrfr is 0.5, the effective output is 0.90 (= 1.0 * (1 - 0.10)). Another useful way to look at this equation is to reverse it and see how much effective capital is required to get 1 unit of effective output (i.e. effective_output / (1 - fcaor) = effective_capital). So, when nrfr is 1.0, the effective capital required for 1 unit of effective output is 1.053 (=1.0/(1-0.05)), and when nrfr is 0.3, the effective capital required is 2 (=1.0/(1-0.5)). Lastly is looking at the relative cost required for obtaining the resources. This based on the fact that it requires 1/19 of a unit of effective capital extra when the nrfr is 1.0. So, (effective capital required - 1.0) / (1 / 19) will give the relative cost of obtaining the resources compared to the cost of obtaining them when nrfr was 1.0. For example, when nrfr is 0.3, the effective capital required is 2.0, and 1.0 of that is for obtaining resources. So, the cost of obtaining the resources is (2.0 - 1.0) / ( 1 / 19) or 1.0*19 or 19 times the cost when nrfr was 1.0. Here is a table showing these calculations for all the values:

Consumption of Nonrenewable Resources

The world3 model does not directly link industrial output to resource utilization. Instead, the industrial output per capita is calculated, and that is used to determine resource usage per capita. This is then multiplied by the total population to determine the total resource consumption.
Per capita resource utilization multiplier (PCRUM) and Industrial Output per Capita (IOPC)

References

• Models of Doom, A Critique of the Limits to Growth, edited by H.S.D. Cole, Christoper Freeman, Marie Jahoda, and K.L.R. Pavitt. 1973 ISBN 0-87663-905-8 (Especially Chapter 3: The Non-renewable Resource Sub-System)
• Dynamics of Growth in a Finite World, by Dennis L. Meadows, William W. Behrens III, Donella H. Meadows, Roger F. Naill, Jørgen Randers, and Erich K.O. Zahn. 1974 ISBN 0-9600294-4-3 (Especially Chapter 5: Nonrenewable Resource Sector)

In microeconomics, the expenditure function describes the minimum amount of money an individual needs to achieve some level of utility, given a utility function and prices.

Formally, if there is a utility function <math>u</math> that describes preferences over L commodities, the expenditure function

<math>e(p, u^*) : \textbf R^L_+ \times \textbf R

\rightarrow \textbf R</math>

says what amount of money is needed to achieve a utility <math>u^*</math> if prices are set by <math>p</math>.
This function is defined by

<math>e(p, u^*) = \min_{x \in \geq(u^*)} p \cdot x</math>

where

<math>\geq(u^*) = \{x \in \textbf R^L_+ : u(x) \geq u^*\}</math>

is the set of all packages that give utility at least as good as <math>u^*</math>.

See also

• Expenditure minimization problem
• Hicksian demand function
• Utility maximization problem

Spalding Gray: Terrors of Pleasure is a 1988 filming of a monologue written and performed by Spalding Gray.

In it, he chronicles the adventures he shared with his girlfriend, Renee, in the Catskills. These took place in and around a cabin he rented, and then purchased, there in Upstate New York, including the apparent absence of any foundation, and a furnace located in the attic, which is not ideal, if one thinks to take normal heat-flow direction into account.

External links