In computer programming, a utility class is a class that defines a set of methods that perform common, often re-used functions. Most utility classes define these common methods under static (see Static variable) scope. Examples of utility classes include java.util.Collections [1] which provides several utility methods (such as sorting) on objects that implement a Collection (java.util.collection [2] ).
uncompress is a shell command in Unix-like environments.
The uncompress utility will restore files to their original state after they have been compressed using the compress utility. If no files are specified, the standard input will be uncompressed to the standard output.
This utility supports the uncompressing of any files produced by compress. For files produced by compress on other systems, uncompress supports 9- to 16-bit compression.
The uncompress command options are specified like this:
uncompress switches files
uncompress has a number of command line options, or “switches”, that can modify the output. Some of these options are
-f: force. If given, uncompress will not prompt for overwriting files.
-v: verbose. List all files as they are being uncompressed
The Printer Setup Utility in Mac OS X serves to allow the user to configure printers physically connected to the computer, or connected via a network. The Utility provides more specific tools than the more user friendly printers pane in System Preferences.
To get even more advanced options when adding network printers, e.g., see this link http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=301397 under the “How to manually add a Windows shared printer”-section.
Tom Donahoe is a former general manager and President of the Buffalo Bills of the NFL. Prior to his tenure with the Bills, he was Director of Football Operations for the Pittsburgh Steelers.
The Bills experienced five non-playoff seasons after he was hired in January 2001. During the period of Donahoe’s tenure, the Bills were tied for the fourth-worst record in the NFL at 31-49. He was responsible for several questionable personnel decisions. Some of these personnel decisions include hiring Gregg Williams as head coach, hiring Mike Mularkey as head coach, the decision to name Rob Johnson the franchise quarterback, gutting the entire defensive corps (which had been near the top of the league prior to Donahoe’s arrival) and drafting Mike Williams with the 4th overall pick. He was also known for a general failure to address offensive line concerns during his tenure (although this can partially be attributed to his quarterback choices– the aforementioned Johnson, the immobile Drew Bledsoe, and rookie J.P. Losman).
Prior to the 2006 NFL season, Donahoe was fired. Ralph Wilson reassumed the role of President, and the general manager position was filled by legendary Bills head coach Marv Levy.
Kevin “She’kspere” Briggs is an American record producer, best known for producing the TLC #1 hit “No Scrubs” and various Destiny’s Child songs from their best selling album The Writing’s on the Wall. He also produced hits for Pink, Whitney Houston, and many others.
“No Scrubs”, and several others She’kspere has produced, including the Destiny’s Child No.1hits “Bills, Bills, Bills” and “Bug-a-Boo”, had lyrics composed by She’kspere’s then girlfriend, former Xscape singer Kandi Burruss.
His post-2000 productions saw a new sound from Briggs as can be seen on the tracks he produced for Whitney Houston & Blu Cantrell.
The Read the Bills Act is legislation written by Downsize DC, a non-profit organization focused on decreasing the size of the federal government. The intention of the Read the Bills Act is to require Congress to read the legislation that they pass. The proposed act is a response to the passing of bills like the Patriot Act that are thousands of pages long and are passed without copies being made available to the members of Congress who vote on the bill. The bill is aimed at decreasing the size of government and the speed at which it grows.
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The Read the Bills Act would require each house of Congress, in the presence of a quorum, to read any bill that they vote on. If a member is not present at the reading, s/he will be required to sign a sworn affidavit saying that s/he has read the bill. If a bill is amended at the last moment, Congress will be required to read, again in full, the bill before a quorum in front of Congress. The same rules applying to absent members will apply to all readings of last minute amendments to the legislation.
Congress will also be required to post the newest version of the bill on their website at least seven days prior to a publicly-announced vote. Any amendments to the bill will yield a new posting on the Internet of the bill and another seven-day waiting period.
It will also require that all bills coming up for renewal in Congress under sunset provisions will be subject to all rules of the Read the Bills Act.
The Read the Bills Act is intended to slow down Congress. Instead of passing many large bills in a short amount of time, Congress will have to either pass shorter bills or pass fewer bills than they currently do.(2/2006)
Theoretically, legislation will become shorter and less complex. In order to be able to read the bills, Congress will have to tackle fewer issues and have fewer projects in each bill. Due to the seven day waiting period, Congress will not be able to pass as many “pork” projects because the public will have a chance to voice their objection. Old legislation coming up under sunset provisions will probably become shorter because Congress will have to reread the bills.
Congress will not be able to insert last-minute secret clauses because they will have to reread the entire bill with the new additions and wait another seven days before passing the legislation.
The expected utility model developed by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern dominated decision theory from its formulation in 1944 until the late 1970s, not only as a prescriptive, but also as a descriptive model, despite powerful criticism from Maurice Allais and Daniel Ellsberg who showed that, in certain choice problems, decisions were usually inconsistent with the axioms of expected utility theory. These problems are usually referred to as the Allais paradox and Ellsberg paradox.
Beginning in 1979 with the publication of the prospect theory of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, a range of generalized expected utility models were developed with the aim of resolving the Allais and Ellsberg paradoxes, while maintaining many of the attractive properties of expected utility theory.
Important examples were anticipated utility theory, later referred to as rank-dependent utility theory (Quiggin 1982) and weighted utility (Chew 1982). A general representation, using the concept of the local utility function was presented by (Machina 1982).
Since then, generalizations of expected utility theory have proliferated, but the probably most frequently used model is nowadays cumulative prospect theory, a further development of prospect theory, introduced in 1992 by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.
Given its motivations and approach, generalized expected utility theory may properly be regarded as a subfield of behavioral economics, but it is more frequently located within mainstream economic theory.
The expected utility model developed by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern dominated decision theory from its formulation in 1944 until the late 1970s, not only as a prescriptive, but also as a descriptive model, despite powerful criticism from Maurice Allais and Daniel Ellsberg who showed that, in certain choice problems, decisions were usually inconsistent with the axioms of expected utility theory. These problems are usually referred to as the Allais paradox and Ellsberg paradox.
Beginning in 1979 with the publication of the prospect theory of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, a range of generalized expected utility models were developed with the aim of resolving the Allais and Ellsberg paradoxes, while maintaining many of the attractive properties of expected utility theory.
Important examples were anticipated utility theory, later referred to as rank-dependent utility theory (Quiggin 1982) and weighted utility (Chew 1982). A general representation, using the concept of the local utility function was presented by (Machina 1982).
Since then, generalizations of expected utility theory have proliferated, but the probably most frequently used model is nowadays cumulative prospect theory, a further development of prospect theory, introduced in 1992 by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.
Given its motivations and approach, generalized expected utility theory may properly be regarded as a subfield of behavioral economics, but it is more frequently located within mainstream economic theory.
An utility tunnel is a space for wires, conduits, pipes, and other conveyances used in the delivery of utilities with enough room for a human to enter. Modern pipes and cables need less attention and space than older varieties, so the construction of utility tunnels declined in the late 20th century. Modern underground utilities tend to be enclosed in pipe chases, which are not large enough for people.
Steam pipes, in particular, tend to be housed in large tunnels for easy access by workmen. A number of university campuses have a complex network of steam pipes; student exploration thereof is referred to as roof and tunnel hacking.
The Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol (ICCP) is being specified by utility organizations throughout the world to provide data exchange over wide area networks (WANs) between utility control centers, utilities, power pools, regional control centers, and Non-Utility Generators. ICCP is also an international standard: International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Telecontrol Application Service Element 2 (TASE.2).
Gary Bills is a contemporary English poet. He has published two full collections of his own work and has edited an international anthology.
Titles to his credit include:
This anthology was edited by Bills as a snapshot of English language verse from 2004, and it contains fresh verse from Andrew Motion, Brian Patten, Harry Guest, Al Alvarez, Penelope Shuttle and many other high profile names from the contemporary poetry world. It was marketed specifically to raise funds for the Stroke Association.
Bills’s own poetry tends to be both experimental and formal, with a strong emphasis on imagery and lyricism.
A religious or spiritual tendency is perhaps more evident in his first collection, and his later work is more personal, with a number of poems concerned with family life and fatherhood.
His work has been favourably reviewed in many high-profile literary journals in the UK, including Envoi, Orbis, The Black Mountain Review and South.
His poetry has also been published in the national UK newspaper, “The Guardian”.
Bills has given readings at “The Ledbury Poetry Festival” and also at the “Poetry on the Lake” event at Lake Orta in Italy.
He has won several prizes, including the Bill Winter Award, administered by Poetry on the Lake for the best short poem.
He is the associate editor of the international poetry journal, “HQ”.
Alongside John Hartley Williams, he is a judge of the 2007 Poetry on the Lake poetry competition.
The Utility Data Center, or UDC, is a product of Hewlett Packard. It was intended to be a combination of hardware and software to enable rapid deployment of virtualized resources, Virtual Networking, Virtual Storage, and Virtual servers. The project was canceled on September 27 2004.
In sport, a utility player is one who can play several positions competently, a sort of jack of all trades. Sports in which the term is often used include soccer, baseball and softball.
Notable utility players in baseball, capable of playing in most baseball positions include Bert Campaneris, José Oquendo, César Tovar, Cookie Rojas, Honus Wagner and Rex Hudler (who played only as a position player, not a pitcher), who played every position on the field during their respective careers; Tony Phillips, the first player to start 10 games at five different positions in the same season; and Mike Brumley, Chone Figgins, Ryan Freel, Denny Hocking, José Macías, Joe McEwing, Mark McLemore, Pablo Ozuna, Desi Relaford, B.J. Upton, Omar Infante, and Luis Salazar.
In softball, a utility player is a player who can play several positions but can also bat well. Coaches often look for such players to bat as clean-up or 5th in the lineup.
In cricket, the term all rounder is used.
An utility tunnel is a space for wires, conduits, pipes, and other conveyances used in the delivery of utilities with enough room for a human to enter. Modern pipes and cables need less attention and space than older varieties, so the construction of utility tunnels declined in the late 20th century. Modern underground utilities tend to be enclosed in pipe chases, which are not large enough for people.
Steam pipes, in particular, tend to be housed in large tunnels for easy access by workmen. A number of university campuses have a complex network of steam pipes; student exploration thereof is referred to as roof and tunnel hacking.
Rashad Baker (born February 22, 1982 in Camden, New Jersey) is an American football safety for the New England Patriots of the National Football League. He attended the University of Tennessee, and was signed by the Buffalo Bills as a undrafted free agent in 2004. In 2006 he was cut by the Bills and was picked up by the Minnesota Vikings. On November 7, 2006 he was released by the Vikings and signed by the New England Patriots.
Apple Loops Utility is a small companion utility to Soundtrack Pro, Garageband, Logic Express, and Logic Pro, all made by Apple Computer. It allows users to create loops of audio that can be time-stretched. Audio files can also be tagged with their publishing (Author, Comments, etc) and musical information (Key, Tempo, etc). Multiple files can be tagged at the same time, a process known as batch tagging. Apple Loops Utility can read both AIFF and WAV file formats, but it will convert the latter to AIFF when saved with tagging information.
The most recent version available without purchasing the aforementioned software is 1.3.1, available from Apple’s Developer Web site. Version 1.4, which is the first Universal Binary version of the software, is available with Logic Pro or Express 7.2. 1.4 allows multiple files to have multiple tags added to them. Version 1.4 also allows content merging to occur with Logic Audio Express. Only version 1.4 will work natively with Intel Macs. Version 1.3.1 will appear to allow edits to be made and file information to be saved, but none of the essential tagging information will be retained on an Intel Mac.
In economics, marginal concepts refer to the effect of producing or consuming one more of a good, i.e. at the edge, or margin, of the total produced/consumed.
For example, marginal cost refers to the cost of producing one more unit of some good. In general this will be lower than the average cost because the average cost includes fixed costs. (See economies of scale). Marginal benefit is the extra utility accrued from one additional unit of a good.
Similarly marginal utility is the additional utility (satisfaction or benefit) that a consumer derives from an additional unit of a commodity or service. It is assumed that marginal utility generally falls as consumption increases, so that one’s 10th doughnut in a day is less satisfying than the first or second.
Other marginal concepts include:
The related concept of elasticity is the ratio of the incremental percentage change in one variable with respect to an incremental percentage change in another variable.
Sam Aiken (born December 14 1980 in Clinton, North Carolina) is an American football wide receiver who currently plays for the Buffalo Bills in the National Football League. He was originally drafted by the Bills in the fourth round (127th overall) of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played collegiately at the University of North Carolina.
Aiken attended James Kenan High School in Warsaw, North Carolina and was a letterman in football, basketball, and track & field.
Rich Mountain Electric Cooperative is a non-profit rural electric utility cooperative headquartered in Mena, Arkansas, with a district office in Dierks, Arkansas.
The Cooperative serves portions of six counties in the states of Arkansas and Oklahoma, in a territory generally surrounding Mena.
As of September 2005, the Cooperative had more than 1,512 miles of power lines, and serves over 7,600 customers.
Rich Mountain Electric Cooperative is a non-profit rural electric utility cooperative headquartered in Mena, Arkansas, with a district office in Dierks, Arkansas.
The Cooperative serves portions of six counties in the states of Arkansas and Oklahoma, in a territory generally surrounding Mena.
As of September 2005, the Cooperative had more than 1,512 miles of power lines, and serves over 7,600 customers.
The AirPort Admin Utility is a utility that is built in to Mac OS X and available for download for Windows XP. The utility serves to allow the user to configure an AirPort Wi-Fi Base Stations to create a wireless network. The AirPort Admin Utility has been superseded by the simple and aptly named AirPort Utility. Older AirPort Graphite and AirPort Snow base stations must use the Admin Utility, whereas the first generation AirPort Extreme and AirPort Express can use either one, but the second generation AirPort Extreme works only with AirPort Utility.
In welfare economics, distributive efficiency occurs when goods and services are received by those who have the greatest need for them. Abba Lerner first proposed the idea of distributive efficiency in his 1944 book The Economics of Control.
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The concept of distributive efficiency is based on the law of diminishing marginal utility. According to this economic law, as a person gets more to spend, he will buy things that give him less and less utility. For example, if a person is given a gift certificate for a CD in a music store, he will use the gift certificate to purchase the CD he will enjoy the most. If he is given another, we will buy his second favorite CD, and so on. The process continues as long as the man keeps getting certificates for CDs. Each additional CD the person buys is slightly less desirable than the one before. After buying his favorites, than man starts choosing CDs he is merely curious about. In the end the person, having all the CDs he likes, will take CDs that he does not really like at all.
Lerner applied the concept of utility and its associated “law of marginal utility” to the distribution of income in society. The law of diminishing marginal utility implies that poorer people will gain more utility from money for additional spending than the wealthy. For instance, if a homeless family is given a gift certificate for a house, they will be able to use it to provide shelter for themselves. If a very rich person is given such a gift, he may spend it on a vacation residence which he will only use a few weeks of the year.
As such, aggregated utility would be maximized by taking wealth from the rich and giving it to the poor, and the state of optimized utility would be perfect economic equality. As Lerner puts it, “If it is desired to maximize the total satisfaction of a society, the rational procedure is to divide income on an equalitarian basis” (Lerner, 32). In other words, if we are given a fixed amount of wealth and a group of people to distribute it to, we can maximize total happiness by dividing the wealth equally between the members of that group.
However, in real situations the total amount of wealth is not fixed, and it has been argued that too much redistribution of income can reduce this total amount by lowering incentives for economic growth and development. Knowing this, Lerner qualified his earlier statement: “The principle of equality would have to compromise with the principle of providing such incentives as would increase the total of income available to be divided” (Lerner, 36). In this view, a balance must be reached between equality and incentives.
Different value systems have different perspectives on the use of utility in making moral judgments. Deontological views of morality focus on factors other than utility. Also, many Marxists, Kantians, and certain libertarians (such as Robert Nozick), all believe utility to be irrelevant as a moral standard or at least not as important as others such as natural rights. Distributive justice does not have much importance to those who do not agree with utilitarianism’s moral framework.
In welfare economics, distributive efficiency occurs when goods and services are received by those who have the greatest need for them. Abba Lerner first proposed the idea of distributive efficiency in his 1944 book The Economics of Control.
Contents |
The concept of distributive efficiency is based on the law of diminishing marginal utility. According to this economic law, as a person gets more to spend, he will buy things that give him less and less utility. For example, if a person is given a gift certificate for a CD in a music store, he will use the gift certificate to purchase the CD he will enjoy the most. If he is given another, we will buy his second favorite CD, and so on. The process continues as long as the man keeps getting certificates for CDs. Each additional CD the person buys is slightly less desirable than the one before. After buying his favorites, than man starts choosing CDs he is merely curious about. In the end the person, having all the CDs he likes, will take CDs that he does not really like at all.
Lerner applied the concept of utility and its associated “law of marginal utility” to the distribution of income in society. The law of diminishing marginal utility implies that poorer people will gain more utility from money for additional spending than the wealthy. For instance, if a homeless family is given a gift certificate for a house, they will be able to use it to provide shelter for themselves. If a very rich person is given such a gift, he may spend it on a vacation residence which he will only use a few weeks of the year.
As such, aggregated utility would be maximized by taking wealth from the rich and giving it to the poor, and the state of optimized utility would be perfect economic equality. As Lerner puts it, “If it is desired to maximize the total satisfaction of a society, the rational procedure is to divide income on an equalitarian basis” (Lerner, 32). In other words, if we are given a fixed amount of wealth and a group of people to distribute it to, we can maximize total happiness by dividing the wealth equally between the members of that group.
However, in real situations the total amount of wealth is not fixed, and it has been argued that too much redistribution of income can reduce this total amount by lowering incentives for economic growth and development. Knowing this, Lerner qualified his earlier statement: “The principle of equality would have to compromise with the principle of providing such incentives as would increase the total of income available to be divided” (Lerner, 36). In this view, a balance must be reached between equality and incentives.
Different value systems have different perspectives on the use of utility in making moral judgments. Deontological views of morality focus on factors other than utility. Also, many Marxists, Kantians, and certain libertarians (such as Robert Nozick), all believe utility to be irrelevant as a moral standard or at least not as important as others such as natural rights. Distributive justice does not have much importance to those who do not agree with utilitarianism’s moral framework.
The Joint Replacement Aircraft (aka JRA) is a US Defense Department project to build a common utility aircraft that will replace the UH-1N Huey, AH-1 Cobra, all variants of the UH-60 and SH-60, and the AH-64 Apache. This utility aircraft can be modified to function as a gunship, troop and cargo transport, or as a search and rescue vehicle. It may incorporate tiltrotor technology. The project is still in the concept stage and is estimated to be fielded sometime around 2025.
The expected utility model developed by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern dominated decision theory from its formulation in 1944 until the late 1970s, not only as a prescriptive, but also as a descriptive model, despite powerful criticism from Maurice Allais and Daniel Ellsberg who showed that, in certain choice problems, decisions were usually inconsistent with the axioms of expected utility theory. These problems are usually referred to as the Allais paradox and Ellsberg paradox.
Beginning in 1979 with the publication of the prospect theory of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, a range of generalized expected utility models were developed with the aim of resolving the Allais and Ellsberg paradoxes, while maintaining many of the attractive properties of expected utility theory.
Important examples were anticipated utility theory, later referred to as rank-dependent utility theory (Quiggin 1982) and weighted utility (Chew 1982). A general representation, using the concept of the local utility function was presented by (Machina 1982).
Since then, generalizations of expected utility theory have proliferated, but the probably most frequently used model is nowadays cumulative prospect theory, a further development of prospect theory, introduced in 1992 by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.
Given its motivations and approach, generalized expected utility theory may properly be regarded as a subfield of behavioral economics, but it is more frequently located within mainstream economic theory.
Tom Donahoe is a former general manager and President of the Buffalo Bills of the NFL. Prior to his tenure with the Bills, he was Director of Football Operations for the Pittsburgh Steelers.
The Bills experienced five non-playoff seasons after he was hired in January 2001. During the period of Donahoe’s tenure, the Bills were tied for the fourth-worst record in the NFL at 31-49. He was responsible for several questionable personnel decisions. Some of these personnel decisions include hiring Gregg Williams as head coach, hiring Mike Mularkey as head coach, the decision to name Rob Johnson the franchise quarterback, gutting the entire defensive corps (which had been near the top of the league prior to Donahoe’s arrival) and drafting Mike Williams with the 4th overall pick. He was also known for a general failure to address offensive line concerns during his tenure (although this can partially be attributed to his quarterback choices– the aforementioned Johnson, the immobile Drew Bledsoe, and rookie J.P. Losman).
Prior to the 2006 NFL season, Donahoe was fired. Ralph Wilson reassumed the role of President, and the general manager position was filled by legendary Bills head coach Marv Levy.
Coy Michael Wire (born November 7, 1978 in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania) is an American football linebacker and safety who currently plays for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League. He was originally drafted by the Bills in the third round (97th overall) of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played collegiately at Stanford.
He played high school football for Cedar Cliff High School along with pro Kyle Brady. After his NCAA career with Stanford, Coy was drafted by the Bills in the 3rd round of the 2002 NFL Draft. Although he played multiple positions in college running back and outside linebacker the Bills originally converted Wire to strong safety, but have since transformed him into the starting weak-side linebacker. In his 3-year career, Wire has recorded 117 solo tackles but 0 interceptions.
Wire signed a 3-year contract extension following the 2006 season. Bills General Manager Marv Levy cited Wire’s special teams play as well as his switch to linebacker as reasons for re-signing him. Wire is known throughout Western New York for his role in the community and with various charitable organizations.
Emulex is a California based manufacturer of storage networking infrastructure solutions. Products include host bus adapters (HBAs), embedded storage switches, storage I/O controller and SAN storage switch products.
A hybrid bill is a public bill which affects the private interests of a particular person or organization. It is generally initiated by the Government on behalf of non-Parliamentary bodies such as local authorities and is treated like a private bill for part of its passage through Parliament. This gives individuals and bodies an opportunity to oppose the bill or to seek its amendment before a Select Committee in either or in both Houses. The bill is then treated as a public bill.
Examples of hybrid bills have been those to construct the Channel Tunnel, the Dartford - Thurrock crossing (aka Dartford Crossing), and the London Passenger Transport Board.
The use of hybrid bills originated as part of the parliamentary procedure of the United Kingdom Parliament, but the procedure is also occasionally used by overseas parliaments and assemblies set up on similar lines to that of Westminster. In Canada, they are specifically disallowed by Beauchesne’s Rules and Forms of the House of Commons of Canada, which states that “According to Canadian standing orders and practice, there are only two kinds of bills - public and private. The British hybrid bill is not recognized in Canadian practice.”
Historically, hybrid bills have often been used by the Government on behalf of railway companies and transport agencies to obtain authorisation for major projects deemed to be in the national interest, but which would affect a large number of private interests.
LSE is a Language-Sensitive Editor for OpenVMS Operating system. LSE is implemented by using the Text Processing Utility (TPU).
In welfare economics, distributive efficiency occurs when goods and services are received by those who have the greatest need for them. Abba Lerner first proposed the idea of distributive efficiency in his 1944 book The Economics of Control.
Contents |
The concept of distributive efficiency is based on the law of diminishing marginal utility. According to this economic law, as a person gets more to spend, he will buy things that give him less and less utility. For example, if a person is given a gift certificate for a CD in a music store, he will use the gift certificate to purchase the CD he will enjoy the most. If he is given another, we will buy his second favorite CD, and so on. The process continues as long as the man keeps getting certificates for CDs. Each additional CD the person buys is slightly less desirable than the one before. After buying his favorites, than man starts choosing CDs he is merely curious about. In the end the person, having all the CDs he likes, will take CDs that he does not really like at all.
Lerner applied the concept of utility and its associated “law of marginal utility” to the distribution of income in society. The law of diminishing marginal utility implies that poorer people will gain more utility from money for additional spending than the wealthy. For instance, if a homeless family is given a gift certificate for a house, they will be able to use it to provide shelter for themselves. If a very rich person is given such a gift, he may spend it on a vacation residence which he will only use a few weeks of the year.
As such, aggregated utility would be maximized by taking wealth from the rich and giving it to the poor, and the state of optimized utility would be perfect economic equality. As Lerner puts it, “If it is desired to maximize the total satisfaction of a society, the rational procedure is to divide income on an equalitarian basis” (Lerner, 32). In other words, if we are given a fixed amount of wealth and a group of people to distribute it to, we can maximize total happiness by dividing the wealth equally between the members of that group.
However, in real situations the total amount of wealth is not fixed, and it has been argued that too much redistribution of income can reduce this total amount by lowering incentives for economic growth and development. Knowing this, Lerner qualified his earlier statement: “The principle of equality would have to compromise with the principle of providing such incentives as would increase the total of income available to be divided” (Lerner, 36). In this view, a balance must be reached between equality and incentives.
Different value systems have different perspectives on the use of utility in making moral judgments. Deontological views of morality focus on factors other than utility. Also, many Marxists, Kantians, and certain libertarians (such as Robert Nozick), all believe utility to be irrelevant as a moral standard or at least not as important as others such as natural rights. Distributive justice does not have much importance to those who do not agree with utilitarianism’s moral framework.
The Utility Data Center, or UDC, is a product of Hewlett Packard. It was intended to be a combination of hardware and software to enable rapid deployment of virtualized resources, Virtual Networking, Virtual Storage, and Virtual servers. The project was canceled on September 27 2004.
DTE Energy Co. () is a Detroit, Michigan-based utility incorporated in 1995 involved in the development and management of energy-related businesses and services nationwide.
DTE Energy’s largest operating subsidiaries are Detroit Edison, an investor-owned electric utility serving 2.1 million customers in Southeastern Michigan, and Michigan Consolidated Gas Co. (MichCon), a natural gas utility serving 1.2 million customers in Michigan.
The name “DTE” is taken from the stock symbol for Detroit Edison, DTE. [1]
In August 2006, DTE began reporting payment information to the major credit beaureaus on all of its 2.5 million customers without offering the ability to opt-out, making it one of the few utilities in the US to do so. Previously, only seriously delinquent accounts were reported. Groups, such as the NAACP, protested this change, on the basis that such a policy would benefit those who have no problems paying their bills, but would hurt those who are the most vulnerable economically and most likely to miss a payment, such as the poor, elderly, and disabled. This, in effect, would hurt their credit rating, and further hamper their ability to advance in society.
In January 2007, DTE changed the policy to state that only payments 60 days or more overdue would be reported to the credit beaureaus. The policy of credit reporting of all other information, without the ability for customers to opt-out, continues.
A qualification introduced by Bentham, to distinguish between two different types of utilities, or, rather, sources of utility (for utility, being identical to pleasure, remains always qualitatively the same). Expectation utilities are future-regarding, and thus imply desires and beliefs; “natural” utilities are not. Expectation utilities allow for long-term projects, which provide a higher proportion of utility than the natural utilities favored by those agents that can only pursue their immediate interest.
The notion of ‘expectation utility’ must not be mistaken for that of expected utility.
In economics, a consumer’s indirect utility function
<math>v(p, w)</math> gives the consumer’s maximal utility when faced with a price level <math>p</math> and an amount of income <math>w</math>. It represents the consumer’s preferences over market conditions.
This function is called indirect because consumers usually think about their preferences in terms of what they consume rather than prices. A consumer’s indirect utility <math>v(p, w)</math> can be computed from its utility function <math>u(x)</math> by first computing the most preferred bundle <math>x(p, w)</math> by solving the utility maximization problem; and second, computing the utility <math>u(x(p, w))</math> the consumer derives from that bundle. The indirect utility function for consumers is analogous to the profit function for firms.
Formally, the indirect utility function is:
The LECOP was a bond issued by Argentine national government to replace the Patacón, which was issued by provincial governments. LECOP (sometimes written as a common word, Lecop), stands for Letra de Cancelación de Obligaciones Provinciales (”Letter of Cancellation of Provincial Obligations”).
These bonds were circulated at a substantial discount from their face value, so anybody accepting
was bound to experience devaluation (or inflation). While LECOPs were intended as a means to replace legal currency (Argentine pesos) at a time when cash was scarce, there were occasions in which LECOPs were not accepted as valid means of payment — most notably, most taxes could only be paid in pesos, or only partly paid in LECOPs. Public utility companies generally restricted the percentage acceptable to a 70-30 ratio, sometimes further limiting LECOP usage to 15% of the total bill.
LECOP bills at first sight, may appear identical to normal Peso bills, with the primary difference being a short disclaimer in small text on the rear of the bill stating that the bill would effect expire and be null at a set date.
Other complementary currencies in Argentina at that time where the Crédito, the Patacón and the Argentino.
The C-Bill (short for ComStar Bill) is the standard form of currency used in the fictional universe of BattleTech. C-Bills make up about 10% of all currency in the Inner Sphere.
C-Bills are issued by ComStar, an Earth-based organization that maintains the Inner Sphere’s interstellar communications network. Though most business in BattleTech is conducted in the currency of individual states, ComStar’s neutrality made its currency the primary medium of exchange for transactions conducted across national boundaries. A single C-Bill has about the same value as three US dollars of the late 1990s.
H-Bill is the term applied to any currency issued by the five Great Houses, each of which issue their own. While the value of H-Bills is largely dependent on the strength of their nations’ economies, H-Bills are backed by crucial resources such as water and precious metals and constitute about 90% of all currency.
A hybrid bill is a public bill which affects the private interests of a particular person or organization. It is generally initiated by the Government on behalf of non-Parliamentary bodies such as local authorities and is treated like a private bill for part of its passage through Parliament. This gives individuals and bodies an opportunity to oppose the bill or to seek its amendment before a Select Committee in either or in both Houses. The bill is then treated as a public bill.
Examples of hybrid bills have been those to construct the Channel Tunnel, the Dartford - Thurrock crossing (aka Dartford Crossing), and the London Passenger Transport Board.
The use of hybrid bills originated as part of the parliamentary procedure of the United Kingdom Parliament, but the procedure is also occasionally used by overseas parliaments and assemblies set up on similar lines to that of Westminster. In Canada, they are specifically disallowed by Beauchesne’s Rules and Forms of the House of Commons of Canada, which states that “According to Canadian standing orders and practice, there are only two kinds of bills - public and private. The British hybrid bill is not recognized in Canadian practice.”
Historically, hybrid bills have often been used by the Government on behalf of railway companies and transport agencies to obtain authorisation for major projects deemed to be in the national interest, but which would affect a large number of private interests.
The expected utility model developed by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern dominated decision theory from its formulation in 1944 until the late 1970s, not only as a prescriptive, but also as a descriptive model, despite powerful criticism from Maurice Allais and Daniel Ellsberg who showed that, in certain choice problems, decisions were usually inconsistent with the axioms of expected utility theory. These problems are usually referred to as the Allais paradox and Ellsberg paradox.
Beginning in 1979 with the publication of the prospect theory of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, a range of generalized expected utility models were developed with the aim of resolving the Allais and Ellsberg paradoxes, while maintaining many of the attractive properties of expected utility theory.
Important examples were anticipated utility theory, later referred to as rank-dependent utility theory (Quiggin 1982) and weighted utility (Chew 1982). A general representation, using the concept of the local utility function was presented by (Machina 1982).
Since then, generalizations of expected utility theory have proliferated, but the probably most frequently used model is nowadays cumulative prospect theory, a further development of prospect theory, introduced in 1992 by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.
Given its motivations and approach, generalized expected utility theory may properly be regarded as a subfield of behavioral economics, but it is more frequently located within mainstream economic theory.
Coy Michael Wire (born November 7, 1978 in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania) is an American football linebacker and safety who currently plays for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League. He was originally drafted by the Bills in the third round (97th overall) of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played collegiately at Stanford.
He played high school football for Cedar Cliff High School along with pro Kyle Brady. After his NCAA career with Stanford, Coy was drafted by the Bills in the 3rd round of the 2002 NFL Draft. Although he played multiple positions in college running back and outside linebacker the Bills originally converted Wire to strong safety, but have since transformed him into the starting weak-side linebacker. In his 3-year career, Wire has recorded 117 solo tackles but 0 interceptions.
Wire signed a 3-year contract extension following the 2006 season. Bills General Manager Marv Levy cited Wire’s special teams play as well as his switch to linebacker as reasons for re-signing him. Wire is known throughout Western New York for his role in the community and with various charitable organizations.
Larry Tripplett (born January 18, 1979 in Los Angeles, California) is an American football defensive tackle who currently plays for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League. He was originally drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the second round (42nd overall) of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played collegiately at Washington.
On March 12, 2006 Tripplett signed as a free agent with the Bills.
In United States patent law, utility is a patentability requirement. Today, the utility requirement is the lowest bar and is easily met. Largely utility is used to prevent the patenting of inoperative devices such as perpetual motion machines. Utility is required by the patent law: 35 U.S.C. 101, “inventions patentable”, and 35 U.S.C. 112, “specification”.
There are three types of utility:
The patent examiners guidelines require that a patent application express a specific, credible, and substantial utility. Rejection by an examiner usually requires documentary evidence establishing a prima facie showing of no specific and substantial credible utility.
European patent law does not consider utility as a patentability criterion. In this respect, decision T 388/04 of March 22, 2006 of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office has made it clear that “subject-matter or activities may be excluded from patentability under even where they have practical utility” (headnote III.), thus ruling out the utility of an invention as a decisive patentability criterion. Instead, it requires that to be patentable an invention must have industrial applicability. Under the European Patent Convention, see for instance .
Utility Storage is a highly virtualized high-end and midrange disk array. It is designed as the building block for utility computing. Utility Computing is the third generation of IT architecture that has emerged over the last few years to challenge traditional mainframe and Distributed Computing (client-server) IT architectures. Utility Computing uses fine-grain virtualization and automation technologies built into server, storage and networking systems to allow organizations to achieve more with less. This in turn lets them improve service responsiveness while driving up utilization efficiency and driving down costs.
Utility Storage is a new type of disk storage platform that offers improved:
Gary Bills is a contemporary English poet. He has published two full collections of his own work and has edited an international anthology.
Titles to his credit include:
This anthology was edited by Bills as a snapshot of English language verse from 2004, and it contains fresh verse from Andrew Motion, Brian Patten, Harry Guest, Al Alvarez, Penelope Shuttle and many other high profile names from the contemporary poetry world. It was marketed specifically to raise funds for the Stroke Association.
Bills’s own poetry tends to be both experimental and formal, with a strong emphasis on imagery and lyricism.
A religious or spiritual tendency is perhaps more evident in his first collection, and his later work is more personal, with a number of poems concerned with family life and fatherhood.
His work has been favourably reviewed in many high-profile literary journals in the UK, including Envoi, Orbis, The Black Mountain Review and South.
His poetry has also been published in the national UK newspaper, “The Guardian”.
Bills has given readings at “The Ledbury Poetry Festival” and also at the “Poetry on the Lake” event at Lake Orta in Italy.
He has won several prizes, including the Bill Winter Award, administered by Poetry on the Lake for the best short poem.
He is the associate editor of the international poetry journal, “HQ”.
Alongside John Hartley Williams, he is a judge of the 2007 Poetry on the Lake poetry competition.
In economics, a consumer’s indirect utility function
<math>v(p, w)</math> gives the consumer’s maximal utility when faced with a price level <math>p</math> and an amount of income <math>w</math>. It represents the consumer’s preferences over market conditions.
This function is called indirect because consumers usually think about their preferences in terms of what they consume rather than prices. A consumer’s indirect utility <math>v(p, w)</math> can be computed from its utility function <math>u(x)</math> by first computing the most preferred bundle <math>x(p, w)</math> by solving the utility maximization problem; and second, computing the utility <math>u(x(p, w))</math> the consumer derives from that bundle. The indirect utility function for consumers is analogous to the profit function for firms.
Formally, the indirect utility function is:
Edward Tsang is the Senior Strategist and Co-Founder of UtilityComputing.com, a free industry portal for the Utility Computing concept.
He has been writing on the Utility Computing topic since the late 1990s and has presented several conference papers, given a number of corporate seminars, and has published a number of articles and business reports on utility computing and other enterprise IT strategies in both the United Kingdom and the United States.
Before he was involved in founding UtilityComputing.com, Edward Tsang led the strategic planning of several business information portals focused on the chemical, petroleum, and energy sector.
Edward Tsang lives in London. He holds a degree in Computation from the University of Oxford.
These are the Billboard magazine R&B singles chart number one hits of 1999:
See also: 1999 in music, List of number-one R&B hits (United States)
| Issue Date | Song | Artist |
| January 2 | Nobody’s Supposed to Be Here | Deborah Cox |
| January 9 | Nobody’s Supposed to Be Here | Deborah Cox |
| January 16 | Nobody’s Supposed to Be Here | Deborah Cox |
| January 23 | Nobody’s Supposed to Be Here | Deborah Cox |
| January 30 | Nobody’s Supposed to Be Here | Deborah Cox |
| February 6 | Nobody’s Supposed to Be Here | Deborah Cox |
| February 13 | Heartbreak Hotel | Whitney Houston featuring Faith Evans and Kelly Price |
| February 20 | Heartbreak Hotel | Whitney Houston featuring Faith Evans and Kelly Price |
| February 27 | Heartbreak Hotel | Whitney Houston featuring Faith Evans and Kelly Price |
| March 6 | Heartbreak Hotel | Whitney Houston featuring Faith Evans and Kelly Price |
| March 13 | Heartbreak Hotel | Whitney Houston featuring Faith Evans and Kelly Price |
| March 20 | Heartbreak Hotel | Whitney Houston featuring Faith Evans and Kelly Price |
| March 27 | Heartbreak Hotel | Whitney Houston featuring Faith Evans and Kelly Price |
| April 3 | What’s It Gonna Be?! | Busta Rhymes featuring Janet |
| April 10 | No Scrubs | TLC |
| April 17 | No Scrubs | TLC |
| April 24 | No Scrubs | TLC |
| May 1 | No Scrubs | TLC |
| May 8 | No Scrubs | TLC |
| May 15 | Fortunate | Maxwell |
| May 22 | Fortunate | Maxwell |
| May 29 | Fortunate | Maxwell |
| June 5 | Fortunate | Maxwell |
| June 12 | Fortunate | Maxwell |
| June 19 | Fortunate | Maxwell |
| June 26 | Fortunate | Maxwell |
| July 3 | Fortunate | Maxwell |
| July 10 | Bills, Bills, Bills | Destiny’s Child |
| July 17 | Bills, Bills, Bills | Destiny’s Child |
| July 24 | Bills, Bills, Bills | Destiny’s Child |
| July 31 | Bills, Bills, Bills | Destiny’s Child |
| August 7 | Bills, Bills, Bills | Destiny’s Child |
| August 14 | Bills, Bills, Bills | Destiny’s Child |
| August 21 | Bills, Bills, Bills | Destiny’s Child |
| August 28 | Bills, Bills, Bills | Destiny’s Child |
| September 4 | Bills, Bills, Bills | Destiny’s Child |
| September 11 | Never Gonna Let You Go | Faith Evans |
| September 18 | Spend My Life with You | Eric Benet featuring Tamia |
| September 18 | Spend My Life with You | Eric Benet featuring Tamia |
| September 25 | Spend My Life with You | Eric Benet featuring Tamia |
| October 2 | We Can’t Be Friends | Deborah Cox featuring R.L. |
| October 9 | Heartbreaker | Mariah Carey featuring Jay-Z |
| October 16 | Heartbreaker | Mariah Carey featuring Jay-Z |
| October 23 | We Can’t Be Friends | Deborah Cox featuring R.L. |
| October 30 | Satisfy You | Puff Daddy featuring R. Kelly |
| November 6 | Satisfy You | Puff Daddy featuring R. Kelly |
| November 13 | U Know What’s Up | Donell Jones |
| November 20 | U Know What’s Up | Donell Jones |
| November 27 | U Know What’s Up | Donell Jones |
| December 4 | U Know What’s Up | Donell Jones |
| December 11 | U Know What’s Up | Donell Jones |
| December 18 | U Know What’s Up | Donell Jones |
| December 25 | U Know What’s Up | Donell Jones |
The term utility station is used to describe fixed radio broadcasters disseminating signals that are not intended for reception by the general public (but such members are not actively prohibited from receiving). Utility stations, as the name suggests, do broadcast signals that have an immediate practical use, by means of analog or usually digital modes; most often utility transmissions are of a “point-to-point” nature, intended for a specific receiving station. Utility stations are most prevalent on shortwave frequencies, though they are not restricted to the shortwave frequencies.
One common use of utility stations is used to disseminate weather information. Weather information is often broadcast using RTTY and sending synoptic codes, or weather charts are sent using radiofax, which are used by mariners and others. Airports make voice weather broadcasts on HF, known as VOLMET. Some examples include New York Radio, which broadcasts weather information for locations in the eastern United States, or Shanwick Radio, which does the same for Europe.
HF frequencies are still often used for trans-oceanic air traffic control.
News agencies used to use RTTY for news stories, and, less commonly, used radiofax for the images, although is no longer done. Satellite communications and the Internet have replaced HF for this application.
Many maritime radio services are often known as utility stations, including as ship-to-shore and vice-versa telephony and error-controlled radioteletype such as SITOR.
Military use of shortwave is also common, but nearly all transmissions are encrypted, with voice encrypted using modes such as ANDVT. Data transmission may make use of encrypted RTTY, use Link-11 for radar tracking data, or use of Automatic link establishment modes to set up communication links automatically.
Some utility stations are on other frequency bands, including NOAA Weather Radio, traveler information stations, and the like; other utility-type signals are piggybacked on FM broadcast subcarriers.
The term stochastic dominance is used in decision theory to refer to situations where one lottery (a probability distribution over outcomes) can be ranked as superior to another. It is based on preferences regarding outcomes (e.g., if each outcome is expressed as a number, e.g. gain or utility, a higher value is preferred), but requires only limited knowledge of preferences with regard to distributions of outcomes, which depend e.g. on risk aversion.
The simplest case is statewise dominance (also known as state-by-state dominance), defined as follows: lottery A is statewise dominant over lottery B if A gives a better outcome than B in every possible state of nature (more precisely, at least as good an outcome in every state, with strict inequality in at least one state). For example, if a dollar is added to one or more prizes in a lottery, the new lottery statewise dominates the old one. Similarly, if a risk insurance policy has a lower premium and a better coverage than another policy, then with or without damage, the outcome is better. Anyone who prefers more to less (in the standard terminology, anyone who has monotonic preferences) will always prefer a statewise dominant lottery.
The canonical case of stochastic dominance is referred to as first-order stochastic dominance, defined as follows: lottery A has first-order stochastic dominance over lottery B if for any outcome x, A gives a higher probability of receiving an outcome equal to or better than x than B. For example, consider a coin-toss where heads and tails give returns 1 and 3 respectively for A, and 2 and 1 respectively for B. In this example there is no statewise dominance, but A has first-order stochastic dominance over B.
The other commonly used case of stochastic dominance is second-order stochastic dominance. All risk-averse expected-utility maximizers prefer a second-order stochastically dominant lottery to a dominated lottery. The same is true for non-expected utility maximizers with concave local utility functions.
Higher orders of stochastic dominance have also been analyzed, as have generalizations of the dual relationship between stochastic dominance orderings and classes of preference functions.
Road cycling is the most widespread and popular form of bicycle riding. It takes place primarily on paved surfaces. It includes recreational, racing, and utility cycling. Experienced road cyclists generally obey the same rules and laws as other vehicle drivers and are often referred to as vehicular cyclists.
In the context of utility cycling, road cycling fulfils various purposes including commuting and also general transport for work, e.g., bicycle messengering and leisure. There are many types of bikes that are used on the roads, from BMX bikes through to high end road bikes with the Road bicycle being the most common type.
Bikes are usually made from one of four different materials (or a combination of two or more of these materials). These are steel, aluminium, titanium, and carbon fiber. Throughout the world the most commonly used material is steel as it is relatively cheap, strong and is much easier to repair than the other materials that can be used.