Reduce utility bills

Pleasure Principle can refer to:

• The pleasure principle, a psychoanalytical term coined by Sigmund Freud
• Pleasure Principle (album), a 1978 album by Parlet
• Pleasure Principle (song), from Jean Michel Jarre’s 2003 album Geometry of Love
• The Pleasure Principle (album), 1979 album by Gary Numan
• The Pleasure Principle (band), a Dutch “Britporn” band
• The Pleasure Principle (film), a 1991 film starring Peter Firth
• The Pleasure Principle (song), a 1987 single by Janet Jackson

In economics an isocost line represents a combination of inputs which all cost the same amount. Although similar to the budget constraint in consumer theory, the use of the isocost pertains to cost-minimization in production, as opposed to utility-maximization. The typical isocost line represents the ratio of costs of labour and capital, so the formula is often written as:

<math>rK+wL = C\,</math>

Where w represents the wage of labour, and r represents the rental rate of capital. The slope is:

<math>-w/r\,</math>

or the negative ratio of wages divided by rental fees.

The isocost line is combined with the isoquant line to determine the optimal production point (at a given level of output).

The cost function for a firm with two variable inputs

Consider a firm that uses two inputs and has the production function F . This firm minimizes its cost of producing any given output y if it chooses the pair (z1, z2) of inputs to solve the problem

Min z1,z2w1z1 + w2z2 subject to y = F (z1, z2),

where w1 and w2 are the input prices. Note that w1, w2, and y are given in this problem—they are parameters. The variables are z1 and z2.
Denote the amounts of the two inputs that solve this problem by z1*(y, w1, w2) and z2*(y, w1, w2). The functions z1* and z2* are the firm’s conditional input demand functions. (They are conditional on the output y, which is taken as given.)

The firm’s minimal cost of producing the output y is w1z1*(y,w1, w2) + w2z2*(y,w1, w2) (the value of its total cost for the values of z1 and z2 that minimize that cost). The function TC defined by

TC(y,w1,w2) = w1z1*(y,w1, w2) + w2z2*(y,w1, w2)

which is called the firm’s (total) cost function. (Note that the hard part of the problem is finding the conditional input demands; once you have found these, then finding the cost function is simply a matter of adding the conditional input demands together together with the weights w1 and w2.)

Graphical illustration of the cost-minimization problem

The firm’s cost-minimization problem is illustrated in the following figure. The red curve is the y-isoquant: the set of all pairs (z1, z2) of inputs that produce exactly the output y. The light blue area, above the y-isoquant, is the set of all pairs (z1, z2) of inputs that produce at least the output y: the set of feasible input bundles for the output y. Each green line is a set of pairs (z1, z2) of inputs that are equally costly: an isocost line. The points on any given isocost line satisfy the condition

w1z1 + w2z2 = c

for some value of c. Isocost lines further from the origin correspond to higher costs.

The cost-minimization problem of the firm is to choose an input bundle (z1, z2) feasible for the output y that costs as little as possible. In terms of the figure, a cost-minimizing input bundle is a point on the y-isoquant that is on the lowest possible isocost line. Put differently, a cost-minimizing input bundle must satisfy two conditions:

1. it is on the y-isoquant
2. no other point on the y-isoquant is on a lower isocost line.

In the figure, there is a single cost-minimizing input bundle, indicated by the black dot.
Another example of a firm’s cost-minimization problem is given in the following figure. In this case the isoquant does not have the “typical” convex-to-the-origin shape; instead, it is bowed out from the origin. The cost-minimizing bundle is, as before, the bundle on the isoquant that is on the lowest possible isocost curve. This bundle is indicated by the large black dot. (Note that the point at which an isocost line is tangent to the isoquant maximizes the cost of producing the output y along the isoquant.)

The case of smooth isoquants convex to the origin

If the y-isoquant is smooth and the cost-minimizing bundle involves a positive amount of each input, as in the first figure, we can see that at a cost-minimizing input bundle an isocost line is tangent to the y-isoquant.
Now, the equation of an isocost line is

w1z1 + w2z2 = c

which we can rewrite as

z2 = c/w2 (w1/w2)z1

so that we see that is slope is w1/w2. The absolute value of the slope of an isoquant is the MRTS, so we reach the following conclusion.
If the isoquants are smooth and convex to the origin and the cost-minimizing input bundle (z1, z2) involves a positive amount of each input, then
this bundle satisfies the following two conditions:

- (z1, z2) is on the y-isoquant (i.e. F (z1, z2) = y) and

- the MRTS at (z1, z2) is w1/w2 (i.e. MRTS(z1, z2) = w1/w2).

The condition that the MRTS be equal to w1/w2 can be given the following intuitive interpretation. We know that the MRTS is equal to MP1/MP2. So the condition that the MRTS be equal to w1/w2 is equivalent to the condition

w1/w2 = MP1/MP2,
or
MP1/w1 = MP2/w2:
the marginal product per dollar is equal for the two inputs. That is, the condition that MRTS be equal to w1/w2 is equivalent to the condition that at a cost minimizing bundle, a dollar spent on each input must yield the same marginal output. This condition makes sense: if a dollar spent on input 1 yields more output than a dollar spent on input 2, then more of input 1 should be used and less of input 2. Only if a dollar spent on each input is equally productive is the input bundle optimal.

An utility tunnel is a space for wires, conduits, pipes, and other conveyances used in the delivery of utilities with enough room for a human to enter. Modern pipes and cables need less attention and space than older varieties, so the construction of utility tunnels declined in the late 20th century. Modern underground utilities tend to be enclosed in pipe chases, which are not large enough for people.

Steam pipes, in particular, tend to be housed in large tunnels for easy access by workmen. A number of university campuses have a complex network of steam pipes; student exploration thereof is referred to as roof and tunnel hacking.

See also

• Utility vault
• Steam tunnel incident
• Common utility duct

A corner solution is a special solution to an agent’s maximization problem in which the quantity of one of the arguments in the maximized function is zero. The more usual solution will lie in the non-zero interior at the point of tangency between the objective function and the constraint. For example, in consumer theory the objective function is the indifference-curve map (the utility function) of the consumer. The budget line is the constraint. In the usual case, constrained utility is maximized on the budget constraint with strictly positive quantities consumed of both goods. For a corner solution, however, utility is maximized at a point on one axis where the budget constraint intersects the highest attainable indifference curve at zero consumption for one good with all income used for the other good. Furthermore, a range of lower prices for the good with initial zero consumption may leave quantity demanded unchanged at zero, rather than increasing it as in the more usual case.

Alternatively stated, a corner solution is a solution to a minimization or maximization problem where the non-corner solution is infeasible, that is, not in the domain. Instead, the solution is a corner solution on an axis where either x or y is equal to zero. For instance from the example above in economics, if the maximal utility of two goods is achieved when the quantity of goods x and y are (-2,5), and the utility is subject to the constraint x and y are greater than or equal to 0 (you cannot consume a negative quantity of goods) as is usually the case, then the actual solution to the problem would be a corner solution where x = 0.

See also

Indifference curve, Assumptions section

“Darts of Pleasure” was the debut EP by the indie rock band Franz Ferdinand released in the United Kingdom on 2003-09-08 and in North America on 2003-11-18, both through Domino Records.

The song ends with several lyrics in German, most famously the line “Ich heiße Super Fantastisch!” (”My name is Super-Fantastic!”).

Track listings

• Lead vocals performed by Alex Kapranos except where noted.

In the UK

• 7″

1. “Darts Of Pleasure” (Alex Kapranos/Nick McCarthy)
2. “Shopping for Blood” (Alex Kapranos/Nick McCarthy/Paul Thomson)

• CD,

1. “Darts Of Pleasure” (Alex Kapranos/Nick McCarthy)
2. “Van Tango” (Alex Kapranos/Nick McCarthy)
   • Lead vocals performed by Nick McCarthy.
3. “Shopping for Blood” (Alex Kapranos/Nick McCarthy/Paul Thomson)

In the US and Canada

• CD

1. “Darts of Pleasure” (Alex Kapranos/Nick McCarthy)
2. “Van Tango” (Alex Kapranos/Nick McCarthy)
   • Lead vocals performed by Nick McCarthy.
3. “Shopping for Blood” (Alex Kapranos/Nick McCarthy/Paul Thomson)
4. “Tell Her Tonight” (home demo) (Alex Kapranos/Nick McCarthy)
   • Lead vocals performed by Nick McCarthy.
5. “Darts of Pleasure” (home demo) (Alex Kapranos/Nick McCarthy)

In chemical kinetics, the Curtin-Hammett principle states that, for a reaction that has a pair of reactive intermediates or reactants that interconvert rapidly (as is usually the case for conformers), each going irreversibly to a different product, the product ratio will depend only on the difference in the free energy of the transition state going to each product, and not on the equilibrium constant between the intermediates Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J.; (1984). Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A Structure and Mechanisms (2nd ed.). New York N.Y.: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-41198-9.

For example, given species A and B that equilibrate rapidly while A turns irreversibly into C, and B turns irreversibly into D:

K is the equilibrium constant between A and B, and k₁ and k₂ are the rate constants for the formation of C and D, respectively. When the rate of interconversion between A and B is much faster than either k₁ or k₂ then the Curtin-Hammett principle tells us that the C:D product ratio will not reflect K, but the relative energy of the transition states.

The reaction coordinate free energy profile can be represented by the following scheme:

The ratio of products will depend only on the value labeled ΔΔG^‡ in the figure: C will be the major product, because the energy of TS1 is lower than the energy of TS2. It doesn’t matter whether A is more stable than B or not, or by how much. This can be understood qualitatively by thinking what would happen if the free energy of A were increased, while keeping everything else constant. On one hand, ΔG₁^‡ would become smaller, which would make k₁ larger, therefore favoring the formation of C. But on the other hand, the amount of A in equilibrium would decrease, because the change in ΔG would increase the value of K, favoring B. These two effects cancel out, leading to the conclusion that the relative energies of A and B don’t matter. This can also be proved algebraically:

The rate of formation for compound C from A is given as

<math> \frac{d[C]}{dt} = k_1[A]</math>

and that of D from B as:

<math> \frac{d[D]}{dt} = k_2[B] = k_2K[A]</math>

with K_c the equilibrium constant. The ratio of the rates is then:

<math> \frac{\frac{d[D]}{dt}}{\frac{d[C]}{dt}}

= \frac{k_2K[A]}{k_1[A]}
= \frac{k_2K}{k_1}
= \frac{e^{-\Delta G_2^{\ddagger}/RT} e^{-\Delta G/RT}}{e^{-\Delta G_1^{\ddagger}/RT}}
= e^{ - \frac{\Delta \Delta G^{\ddagger}}{RT} }

</math>

The product ratio can also be written as:

<math> \frac{[D]}{[C]} = e^{ - \frac{\Delta \Delta G^{\ddagger}}{RT} } </math>

Application to stereoselective reactions

The Curtin-Hammett principle is used to explain the selectivity ratios for stereoselective reactions, such as in kinetic resolution. A typical example is the following: a prochiral molecule binds to a chiral catalyst, forming a pair of diastereomeric intermediates, depending on which face of the substrate was bound to the catalyst. These intermediates equilibrate rapidly (like A and B in the diagram above), and each one then leads to a different enantiomer of the product through the rate-determining step.

External links

• IUPAC “Gold Book” definition
• http://www.joe-harrity.staff.shef.ac.uk/meetings/CurtinHammettreview.pdf

References

What’s the Worst That Could Happen? (2001) is a comedy starring Martin Lawrence and Danny DeVito, loosely based off of the book of the same title written by Donald Westlake, part of the Dortmunder series. The film was directed by Sam Weisman who has directed several other films including for George of the Jungle and . In addition to Lawrence and DeVito, What’s the Worst That Could Happen? boasts an additional cast of John Leguizamo, Bernie Mac, Larry Miller, Nora Dunn, GQ, William Fichtner, and others.

The film was released in June of 2001 and went on to gross over thirty million dollars at the North American box office. It was considered a moderate success thanks to its worldwide take in box office money.

The film was shot at various locations in California and Massachusetts. The locations in Massachusetts include Boston, Concord, Manchester-by-the-Sea, Cambridge and Milton. Filming in California primarily took place in Riverside, California.

Synopsis

Both Kevin (played by Lawrence) and Max (DeVito) have made careers out of stealing from others. Kevin Caffrey is a professional thief with a taste for the finer things in life, trying to impress a girl he recently met. Billionaire Max Fairbanks is a ruthless businessman used to getting whatever he wants when he wants it. When Kevin targets Max’s supposedly unoccupied beachfront mansion for an easy night-time heist, he interrupts Max in the bath, the cops are soon called, and Kevin is arrested. With Kevin in handcuffs, however, Max takes it one step too far, he takes Kevin’s good-luck ring (which he had gotten from his girlfriend after promising never to lie to her) right off his finger, telling the police it’s his and exacting his own little revenge; thieving from a thief. The battlelines are now drawn, the ring was Kevin’s girlfriend’s, and he’ll do anything to get it back. As their battle of wills escalates, Kevin and Max go a long way towards finding out that the worst that could happen is worse than they ever imagined.

Tagline

• It takes a thief to nail a crook.

Trivia

• Originally a project for Heath Ledger.

• Kevin’s house is the same firehouse used in Spenser: For Hire (1985) and the Boston portion of The Real World (1997).

• In the scene on the roof between Martin Lawrence and John Leguizamo John’s character refers to Martin’s Character by his real name, Martin.

External links

• MGM’s official What’s the Worst That Could Happen? site

In photography, a printer point is a unit of relative exposure, in printing a negative, equal to a 1/12 of a stop or 0.025 Log(base 10) unit (one-fortieth of a decade) of exposure ratio [1].

This numbering scheme is used in photographic printing and photographic filters.

Increasing or decreasing the light by twelve points increases or decreases the exposure by a factor of two. Such adjustments are used for darkness and color adjustment in photographic enlargers, for example. A one-stop change in the exposure of a negative may require only an adjustment of about 6 to 8 printer points in printing, depending on the gamma of the film (PDF).

Gross profit or sales profit or gross operating profit is the difference between revenue and the cost of making a product or providing a service, before deducting overheads, payroll, taxation, and interest payments.

In general, it is the profit shown on a transaction if one disregards the indirect costs. It is the revenue that remains once one deducts the costs that arise only from the generation of that revenue.

For a retailer, gross profit is the shop takings less the cost of the goods sold. For a manufacturer, the direct costs are the costs of the materials and other consumables used to make the product. For example, the cost of electricity to operate a machine is often a direct cost while the cost of lighting the machine room is an overhead. Payroll costs may also be direct if the workforce is paid a unit cost per manufactured item. For this reason, service industries that sell their services by time units often treat the fee-earners’ time cost as a direct cost.

Gross profit is an important guide to profitability but many small businesses fail because they overlook the regular demand to meet the fixed costs of the business. The indirect costs are considered when calculating net income, another important guide to profitability.

See also

• Gross margin, the ratio of gross profit to revenue.
• EBITDA

Sticker shock is a United States term for the feeling of surprise experienced by consumers upon finding unexpectedly high prices on the price tags (stickers) of products they are considering purchasing. The term is commonly thought to have originated with high automobile sticker prices in the U.S. in the late 1970s or early 1980s, as inflation and increasing government regulation of automotive safety and environmental issues greatly increased car prices.

Constructive eviction is a term used in the law of real property to describe a circumstance in which a landlord either does something or fails to do something that he has a legal duty to provide (e.g. the landlord refuses to provide heat or water to the apartment). The landlord’s action (or failure to act) renders the property uninhabitable and the tenant may terminate the lease and seek damages.

To maintain an action for damages the tenant must show that the uninhabitable conditions were a result of the landlord’s actions (not the actions of some third party), and that the tenant vacated the premises in a reasonable time.

A tenant who suffers from a constructive eviction can claim all of the legal remedies available to a tenant who was actually told to leave.

See also

Implied

warranty of habitability

Price-cap regulation is a form of regulation designed in the 1980s by UK Treasury economist Stephen Littlechild, which has been applied to all of the privatized British network utilities. It is contrasted with rate-of-return regulation, in which utilities are permitted a set rate of return on capital, and with revenue-cap regulation where total revenue is the regulated v “”CPI - X”, (in the United Kingdom “RPI-X”) after the basic formula employed to set price caps. This takes the rate of inflation, measured by the Consumer Price Index (UK Retail Price Index, RPI) and subtracts expected efficiency savings X. In the water industry, the formula is “RPI - X + K”, where K is based on capital investment requirements. The system is intended to provide incentives for efficiency savings, as any savings above the predicted rate X can be passed on to shareholders, at least until the price caps are next reviewed (usually every five years). A key part of the system is that the rate X is based not only a firm’s past performance, but on the performance of other firms in the industry: X is intended to be a proxy for a competitive market, in industries which are natural monopolies.

In most industries in the UK, estimation of a firm’s efficiency is carried out by comparing regional monopolies and using a total factor productivity method. However, for telecommunications, Ofcom instead relies on international comparisons.

In practice, the distinction between price-cap and rate-of-return regulation may be lost, as regulators may end up making implicit decisions on the acceptable real rates of return on capital employed in order to arrive at price limit determinations. This has been the experience in the UK water sector, where the 1999 periodic review led Ofwat to determine a standard (real post-tax) cost of capital of 4.75%, with minor adjustments for smaller companies. This standard rate was then used to help calculate X.

Price-cap regulation is no longer a uniquely British form of regulation. Particularly in the telecommunications industry, many Asian countries are implementing some form of price cap on their newly-privatised operators. In addition, many US Local Exchange Carriers are now regulated by price-cap rather than rate-of-return regulation: in 2003, of the 73 companies reporting to the ARMIS database, 22 were regulated according to an RPI-X price cap (and a further 35 were subject to other retail price controls).

See also

• Ofwat, Ofgem, Ofcom
• market failure

External link

• Ian Alexander and Timothy Irwin (1996), “Price Caps, Rate-of-Return Regulation, and the Cost of Capital” [1]

Transtar was the model name given to the line of trucks produced by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana, from 1956 to 1958 and 1960 to 1963. The Transtar name was first introduced for the 1956 (2E series) model year in 1/2-ton, 3/4-ton, 1-ton, 2-ton, and 2-ton heavy duty capacities. The three smaller models were available with factory-built pick-up bodies. The basic styling of these trucks dated back to the 1949 models, though they had received some styling and engineering changes in 1954 and 55. The Transtar name continued to be used on most of the 1957-58 3E series trucks, though a stripped-down Studebaker Scotsman model without the Transtar name was introduced in the 1958 model year. The 57-58 Transtars received an aggressive new fiberglass grille that attempted (largely successfully) to make Studebaker’s outdated cab design look fresh and new. For now-unknown reasons, the Transtar name was dropped for the 1959 4E series Studebaker trucks.

For 1960, Studebaker introduced a new line of 1/2-ton and 3/4-ton trucks under the name Studebaker Champ. The Champs used front-end and cab sheetmetal from the 1959-60 Lark passenger cars, mated to their existing light-duty truck chassis and drive trains. The Champs were created in response to the Ford Ranchero (introduced in 1957) and Chevrolet El Camino (introduced in 1959), which used passenger car styling and features in a light-duty pickup truck. The Transtar name reappeared on Studebaker’s medium- and heavy-duty trucks (1- and 2-ton) for 1960, and continued to be used on these trucks up through its 1964 models. Studebaker suspended production of all of its truck models when it closed its United States factory in December 1963.

External links

• Studebaker Trucks link w/images

Landscape design is similar to landscape architecture. Landscape Design focuses more on the artistic merits of design, while Landscape Architecture encompasses the artistic design as well as structural engineering. Landscape design and Landscape Architecture, both take into account soils, drainage, climate and other issues, because survival selected plants depends on those. Landscape Architecture may require a license depending on the country and region (a license is needed in most USA states). In Oregon, for example, a Landscape Contractor licensed with the Oregon Landscape Contractors Board, may provide levels of landscape architecture and design as long as that landscaper does not assign the title “landscape architect” to themselves. Landscape designers may be required to have a license, depending on the level and detail in the design plan, as well as the location. Landscape design landscape planning is concerned with small and large scale projects. The establishment of landscape plants over a period of time is not landscape design, but is considered “landscape management”. Landscape design is almost synonymous with garden design. Landscape architecture and landscape designe can, and should, embrace garden design, landscape management, landscape engineering, landscape detailing, landscape urbanism, landscape assessment and landscape planning.

Traditionally, landscape designers and architects have used pencil and paper to plot the position of plants and other landscape features. Landscape design software has become a popular choice since the advent of the personal computer.

Practically speaking, landscape architecture and landscape design are almost one in the same, if done properly according to the science, knowledge and skill that should be utilized. Some Landscape Designers are licensed Landscape Architects. Sometimes, professionals must call themselves “Landscape Designers” because local laws and rules prevent advertising as “Landscape Architects” without that level of license.

There are also licensed Landscape Contractors who perform landscape design. They may employ landscape designers.

Culturally, Landscape Architects are frequently associated with larger projects, and Landscape Designers are associated with smaller projects. But in actual practice, that’s not the case 100% of the time.

In the landscape design profession, “Landscape Architecture” is generally the name of the more advanced level of college education pertaining to landscape design.

See Also

• Aquascape, Inc.
• Engineering modern landscapes
• golf course design

The first telegraph line

The first telegraph line connecting from the British Resident at Perak house in Kuala Kangsar to the house of Deputy British Resident in Perak at Taiping by the Department of Posts and Telegraph in 1874. This telegraph line measured 42.5 km and travelled across forest at Bukit Berapit, it signalled the beganing of the era of telecommunications in Malaysia. However, during Japanese occupations, the telegraph lines were nearly broken down by the Japanese army.

The telecommunications in Malaysia

• In 1968, the SEACOM cable line was introduced, connecting the Peninsula Malaysia to Sarawak via the South China Sea.
• In 1983, the Data Telecommunications System (Datel) was introduced.
  
• In 1985, the ATUR, first wireless telephone system was introduced by Jabatan Telekom Malaysia (JTM).
• In 1987, JTM was incorporated as Syarikat Telekom Malaysia Berhad (STMB) or Telekom Malaysia (TM) following the National Corporatizion Policy, which was launched in the 1980s.
• In 1988, Celcom Malaysia Sdn Bhd was founded under its name STM Cellular Communications Sdn Bhd. The first to provide GSM based mobile services.
• In 1992, Celcom was controlled by Technology Resource Berhad (TRI)
• In 1997, Telekom Malaysia introduced CDMA based mobile homeline services
• In 2003, Celcom Malaysia Sdn Bhd became the first provider to introduce video call base on 3G WCDMA technology.

Evolution of telecommunications

Today, mobile telecommunications in Malaysia is managed by 3 companies.

A training manual is a book or booklet of instructions, designed to improve the quality of a performed task. Training manuals are widely used, including in business and the military.

A training manual may be particularly useful as:

• an introduction to subject matter prior to training
• an outline to be followed during training
• a reference to subject matter after training
• a general reference document

A training manual may form an important part of a formal training programme. For example, it may help ensure consistency in presentation of content. It may also ensure that all training information on skills, processes, and other information necessary to perform tasks is together in one place.

Training manuals can be designed to be used as:

• Work books – used in training sessions to provide basic information, examples and exercises.
• Self-paced guides: designed for trainees to work through on their own.
• Reference manuals: for containing detailed information on processes and procedures.
• Handouts: provide general information to support training done during the session.
• Job aids: provide step-by-step instructions to be used in the workplace.

see also: graphic training aids

External link

• Wikibooks - training manuals

In mathematics, and specifically partial differential equations, d´Alembert’s formula is the general solution to the one-dimensional wave equation: <math>u_{tt}-c^2u_{xx}=0, u(x,0)=g(x), u_t(x,0)=h(x)\,</math>. It is named after the mathematician Jean le Rond d’Alembert.

The characteristics of the PDE are <math>x\pm ct=\mathrm{const}\,</math>, so use the change of variables <math>\mu=x+ct, \eta=x-ct\,</math> to transform the PDE to <math>u_{\mu\eta}=0\,</math>. The general solution of this PDE is <math>u(\mu,\eta) = F(\mu) + G(\eta)\,</math> where <math>F\,</math> and <math>G\,</math> are <math>C^1\,</math> functions. Back in <math>x,t\,</math> coordinates,

<math>u(x,t)=F(x+ct)+G(x-ct)\,</math>

<math>u\,</math> is <math>C^2\,</math> if <math>F\,</math> and <math>G\,</math> are <math>C^2\,</math>.

This solution <math>u\,</math> can be interpreted as two waves with constant velocity <math>c\,</math> moving in opposite directions along the x-axis.

Now consider this solution with the Cauchy data <math>u(x,0)=g(x), u_t(x,0)=h(x)\,</math>.

Using <math>u(x,0)=g(x)\,</math> we get <math>F(x)+G(x)=g(x)\,</math>.

Using <math>u_t(x,0)=h(x)\,</math> we get <math>cF’(x)-cG’(x)=h(x)\,</math>.

Integrate the last equation to get

<math>cF(x)-cG(x)=\int_{-\infty}^x h(\xi) d\xi + c_1\,</math>

Now solve this system of equations to get

<math>F(x) = \frac{-1}{2c}\left(-cg(x)-\left(\int_{-\infty}^x h(\xi) d\xi +c_1 \right)\right)\,</math>

<math>G(x) = \frac{-1}{2c}\left(-cg(x)+\left(\int_{-\infty}^x h(\xi) d\xi +c_1 \right)\right)\,</math>

Now, using

<math>u(x,t) = F(x+ct)+G(x-ct)\,</math>

d´Alembert’s formula becomes:

<math>u(x,t) = \frac{1}{2}\left[g(x-ct) + g(x+ct)\right] + \frac{1}{2c} \int_{x-ct}^{x+ct} h(\xi) d\xi</math>

External links

• An example of solving a nonhomogeneous wave equation from www.exampleproblems.com

Usually, a researcher or scientific researcher is someone who is professionally engaged in scientific research, technological research or engineering research.

There are academic, industrial and government or private institution researchers. For example, at some academic institutions, professors may be differentiated as either “teaching professors” or “research professors”.

In general, every country has its own large national research centers with different research and development (R&D) profiles. They employ numerous researchers.

On the other hand, in many industrial and private laboratories, scientific and technological/engineering research are essential for they business competition on the marked.

Researchers work not for students but for well defined short-term, middle-term and long-term R&D or RTD (Research and Technology Development) projects defined in the frame of the strategy of their organizations.

There are numerous necessary specializations of researchers, but in large research business institutions, interdisciplinary profiles of researchers are always more frequently requested. They have to adapt to new objectives and to cope with before unknown for them, systems, equipments and problems. Therefore, one of their important tasks is to cooperate with academic researchers and professors.

For the above reasons, the positions and the research work conditions of researchers in research or technological laboratories are different than in academic institutions.

Main positions

The positions of researchers in large research centers/institutes have many specific names, but usually they are divided on three basic levels equivalent to: junior researcher, researcher, senior researcher.

Research work conditions

The research activity is organized according to the specific company structure.
Usually every researcher works in so called matrix structure, he/she is a member of a
laboratory or other specialized unit, and in parallel temporally participates in one of more projects.

Many important scientific results of the industrial and military researchers’ work are not published because they have either confidential or secret character. At a consequence, many valid scientists became slowly a “property” of companies.

…

Some References

• NASA Ames Research Center
• US National Center for Atmospheric Research
• US National Institute of Mental Health
• Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)
• Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
• Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Russia
• Joint Research Centres of European Commission

Research

Amylophagia is a condition involving the compulsive consumption of excessive amounts of purified starch. It is a form of pica and is often observed in pregnant women. Amylophagia is distinct from a traditional diet containing a great deal of starchy staples such as potatoes, rice etc. In this condition, patients feel a compulsion to consume refined starch such as cornstarch.

Amylophagia’s origins are complex, arising from a combination of biochemical, hematological, psychological, and cultural factors. In women, it can be an often-overlooked etiologic factor in gestational diabetes.

References

Denny-Blaine Park is a 2 acre (8,000 m²) park in the Denny-Blaine neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. It is located on Lake Washington along and at the end of E. Denny-Blaine Place.

Those who frequent Denny-Blaine in the evenings will notice an interesting mix of people. Traditionally, high schoolers from the surrounding area (most notably Bush School) use Denny-Blaine Park as a spot to consume alcohol and smoke cigarettes and marijuana. These typically affluent white males are not alone, however–there is a surprisingly large contingent of crack heads. In addition to these two staples, there seem to be a large number of non-descript 25-35 year-olds who use the park in much the same manner.

After a large renovation project completed in 2004, the beach has seen much more traffic.

External links

• Denny-Blaine Park

The principle of uniformity or the “The Principle of Uniformity of Nature” postulates that the laws of nature discovered on Earth apply throughout the universe.

There are several variations and corollaries. A stronger uniformity principle is that the laws of event causation have remained constant throughout time (uniformitarianism) as well as applying everywhere in the ‘modern’ universe. A corollary in Physics is the postulate that there has been no change in the fine-structure constant since the Big Bang.

Another corollary of the Principle of Uniformity states that nothing that is now impossible in principle was ever the case in the past.

See also

• anthropic principle
• intelligent design
• Mediocrity principle
• origin of life
• philosophy of science

Mark Lindquist is an American novelist and lawyer.

Books background

His books are known for mixing literature with pop culture. (Details magazine) His first two novels, Sad Movies and Carnival Desires, were insider depictions of Los Angeles and the movie business, while his third novel, Never Mind Nirvana, did the same for the Seattle music scene. His fourth novel, The King of Methlehem, is set in Tacoma, Washington, in the world of methamphetamine. In the 2005 September/October issue of Pages magazine, which featured a cover story on the literary Brat Pack, he discusses how novels can capture the Zeitgeist.

Author background

After graduating from the University of Southern California, he worked as a copy writer for a movie studio. His first novel, Sad Movies, was based on this. He went on to write screenplays for several studios and book reviews for The Los Angeles Book Review, The New York Times Book Review, and The Seattle Times, as well as articles for The New York Times Sunday Magazine, Movieline, and other publications. He left Hollywood in the 1990s and enrolled in Seattle University School of Law. After graduating, he became a prosecuting attorney and moved to Tacoma. His third novel, Never Mind Nirvana, followed after this hiatus. According to the author’s website, his fourth novel, The King of Methlehem, will be published by Simon and Schuster in May 2007.

Bibliography

• The King of Methlehem, 2007
• Never Mind Nirvana, 2000
• Carnival Desires, 1990
• Sad Movies, 1987

Trivia

People Magazine, when naming him as one of the “100 Most Eligible Bachelors” in 2000, listed Molly Ringwald, the brat pack actress, as one of his ex-girlfriends.

Filmmaker Sandra Nettelbeck wrote the foreword to the German edition of Never Mind Nirvana.

External links

• Author’s official website
• Simon and Schuster

In economics, economic output is divided into physical goods and intangible services. Consumption of goods and services is assumed to produce utility (unless the “good” is a “bad”). It is often used when referring to a Goods and Services Tax.

The output of goods and services is used in calculating measures of national income and output, such as gross domestic product.

The service-goods continuum

The dichotomy between physical goods and intangible services should not be given too much credence. These are not discrete categories. Most business theorists see a continuum with pure service on one terminal point and pure commodity good on the other terminal point. Most products fall between these two extremes. For example, a restaurant provides a physical good (prepared food), but also provides services in the form of ambience, the setting and clearing of the table, etc. And although some utilities actually deliver physical goods — like water utilities which actually deliver water — utilities are usually treated as services.

In business, people sometimes talk about the marketing of products and services. This is clearly tautology - services are products. Marketers must draw on the same set of principles and skills to market all products, whether they be apples, oranges or haircuts. Like economists, marketers too view goods and services as two ends of a continuum.

See also

• Service
• List of countries by GDP sector composition

Accounting

Comprehensive income is defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB,^[1] as “the change in equity [net assets] of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources. It includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners.”

Comprehensive income is the sum of net income and other items that must bypass the income statement because they have not been realized, including items like an unrealized holding gain or loss from available for sale securities and foreign currency translation gains or losses. These items are not part of net income, yet are important enough to be included in comprehensive income, giving the user a bigger, more comprehensive picture of the organization as a whole.

Items included in comprehensive income, but not net income are reported under the accumulated other comprehensive income section of shareholder’s equity.

Economic

Comprehensive income (or earnings) ^[2] attempts to measure the sum total of all operating and financial events that have changed the value of an owner’s interest in a business. It is measured on a per-share basis to capture the effects of dilution and options. It cancels out the effects of Equity transactions for which the owner would be indifferent; issues of dividends; share buy-backs; share issues at market value.

It is calculated by reconciling the the book-value-per-share from the start of the period to the end of the period. This is conceptually the same as measuring a child’s growth by finding the difference between his height on each birthday. All other line items are calculated, and the equation solved for Comprehensive Earnings.

      Shareholders' Equity, beg. of period
    - Dividends
    + Premium to book value received from new shares
           (and vice versa)
    + Comprehensive Earnings (and vice versa)
    ------------------------------------------
    = Shareholders' Equity, end of period

References

• ^[1]FASB Statement 130: Reporting Comprehensive Income (June 1997)
• ^[2][Details for Calculation]

In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the term situated refers to an agent which is embedded in an environment. The term situated is commonly used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that software agents can also be situated if:

• they exist in a dynamic (rapidly changing) environment, which
• they can manipulate or change through their actions, and which
• they can sense or perceive.

Examples might include web-based agents, which can alter data or trigger processes (such as purchases) over the internet, or virtual-reality bots which inhabit and change virtual worlds, such as Second Life.

Being situated is generally considered to be part of being embodied, but it is useful to consider each perspective individually. The situated perspective emphasizes that intelligent behaviour derives from the environment and the agent’s interactions with it. The nature of these interactions are defined by an agent’s embodiment.

See also

• Situated robotics
• Agent environment - discussion of environment types
• Cognitive agents
• Web services

References

• Hendriks-Jansen, Horst (1996) Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

A comedic device is used in comedy to write humor in a common structure. They can become so common that they are difficult for writers to use without being perceived as cheesy.

List of comedic devices

Double entendre

A double entendre is a spoken phrase can be understood in either of two ways. The first, literal meaning is an innocent one, while the second meaning is often ironic or risqué and requires the hearer to have some additional knowledge.

Hyperbole

A hyperbole is a figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated or extravagant. It may be used due to strong feelings or is used to create a strong impression and is not meant to be taken literally.

Mistaken identity

The mistaken identity of twins is a centuries old comedic device used by Shakespeare in several of his works. The mistake can be either an intended act of deception or an accident. Modern examples include The Parent Trap, The Trouble with Cats and Dogs, Sister, Sister and Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen.

Monocle

It is a popular perception that the monocle can easily fall off with the wrong facial expression. As a comedic device, an upper-class gentleman drops his monocle when he makes a shocked expression. The monocle falls into the gentleman’s drink, smashes into pieces on the floor, etc.

Prank call

A prank call is a form of practical joke committed over the telephone. Prank calls range from annoying hang-ups to false calls to emergency services or bomb threats.

Pun

A pun consists of a deliberate confusion of similar words or phrases for humorous effect, whether humorous or serious. A pun can rely on the assumed equivalency of multiple similar words (homonymy), of different shades of meaning of one word (polysemy), or of a literal meaning with a metaphor. Bad puns are often considered to be cheesy.

Slapstick

Slapstick is a type of comedy involving exaggerated physical violence. Slapstick was heavily used by Buster Keaton, Charlie Chaplin, Laurel and Hardy, the Keystone Kops, the Three Stooges. Slapstick is also common in animated cartoons such as Tom and Jerry and Looney Tunes.

See also

• Joke
• Practical joke device

External links

• Classroom connections – describes mistaken twins as a comedic device
• Comic Devices and Conventions – analysis of comedic devices used in The Swaggering Soldier

A Code of Silence is when a person opts to withhold what is believed to be vital or important information voluntarily or involuntarily.

The code of silence is usually either kept because of threat of force, or danger to oneself, or being branded as a traitor or an outcast within the unit or organization as the experiences of the police whistleblower, Frank Serpico illustrates. The Code of Silence was famously practiced in Massachusetts cities such as Charlestown, South Boston, and Somerville.

A more famous example of the code of silence is omerta (Italian: omertà, from the Latin: humilitas=humility or modesty), the Mafia code of silence.

Sometimes, this phrase is mistaken with a cone of silence.

In mathematics, a discrete valuation on an integral domain <math>A</math> is a function

<math>\nu:A\to\mathbb Z\cup\{\infty\}</math>

satisfying the conditions

<math>\nu(x\cdot y)=\nu(x)+\nu(y)</math>

<math>\nu(x+y)\geq\mathrm{min}\big\{\nu(x),\nu(y)\big\}</math>

<math>\nu(x)=\infty\iff x=0</math>.

Properties

Every discrete valuation ring gives rise to a discrete valuation, but not conversely. For example, if <math>K</math> is a field, then the ring <math>KX,Y</math> of power series over <math>K</math> in two unknowns has a discrete valuation induced by the prime ideal <math>(X,Y)</math>, and is even local, but is not a discrete valuation ring because it’s not a principal ideal domain.

Consider a discrete valuation <math>\nu</math> on <math>A</math>. If <math>B</math> is the subset of all elements in <math>A</math> with nonnegative valuation, then <math>B</math> is also a subring of <math>A</math>, and the set of all elements in <math>A</math> with strictly positive valuation is a prime ideal of <math>B</math>’.

Examples

• If <math>A</math> is the ring <math>Z</math> of integers, then <math>\nu^n</math>, defined as the largest value of <math>k</math> such that <math>2^k</math> divides <math>n</math>, is a discrete valuation.
• If <math>P</math> is a prime ideal of <math>A</math> satisfying the condition

<math>\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}P^{n} = 0 \in A </math>

then the function defined as

<math>\nu(x) = \min\{n: x \in P^{n}\}\quad x\in\mathbb{Z}</math>

is always finite for nonzero <math>x</math>, an it can be proven to be a discrete valuation on <math>A</math>. If <math>A</math> is Noetherian, then every prime ideal of <math>A</math> satisfies the above condition, so that every prime ideal induces a discrete valuation on <math>A</math>.

See also

• discrete valuation ring
• Valuation (mathematics)
• Valuation ring

Intercalation, in the context of University administration is defined as a period when a student is officially suspended from studying for an academic degree. The grounds for intercalation to be granted are varied, though most commonly they are on compassionate or medical grounds. Often, intercalation has been granted to allow students time away from the University to gain industrial or job experience within their degree studies. Medical students in the UK often have an intercalated year in order to pursue another degree (usually medically related) for a year.

Pre-colonial period

5 BC

• Silver punch-marked coins were minted by the Mahajanapadas

1

• India’s economy had a 32.9% share of world income, the largest in the world.

1000

• India’s economy had a 28.9% share of world income, the largest in the world.

1500

• India’s economy had a 24.5% share of world income, the second largest in the world after China, which had a 25% share.

1600

• India had an income of £17.5 million, under Akbar’s Mughal Empire, in contrast to the entire treasury of Great Britain in 1800, which totalled £16 million.

1700

• India’s economy had a 24.4% share of world income, the largest in the world, under Aurangzeb’s Mughal Empire.

Colonial period

East India Company

1793

• 1793 Cornwallis’ Permanent Settlement Instituted in Bengal

1820

• India’s economy had a 16% share of world income, the second largest in the world after Japan

British Raj

1868

• First estimation of India’s national income by Dadabhai Naoroji

1870

• India’s economy had a 12.2% share of world income under the British Empire.

1913

• India’s economy had a 7.6% share of world income under the British Empire.

1943

• Famine of Bengal

Post-Independence period

Nehruvian era

1952

• India’s economy had a 3.8% share of world income

1973

• India’s economy was $494.8 billion, which accounted for a 3.1% share of world income

1980 - 1991

Virtually Closed.

1991-present

1991

• Economic liberalisation was initiated by Indian prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his finance minister Manmohan Singh in response to a macroeconomic crisis.

1998

• India’s economy was $1,702.7 trillion, which accounted for a 5% share of world income

2005

• India’s economy is $3,815.6 trillion (purchasing power parity) which accounts for a 6.3% share of world income, the fourth largest in the world in terms of real GDP.

References

• Maddison, Angus (2004). The World Economy: Historical Statistics. OECD. ISBN 92-64-10412-7. (See Sample Table.)
• World Bank, July 1, 2006. PPP GDP 2005.

The Wilton culture is the name given by archaeologists to an archaeological culture which was common to parts of south and east Africa around six thousand years ago.

Occupation sites include that at Kalambo Falls.

Wilton culture is broadly analogous to the European mesolithic and microliths are a common artefact type. Later examples of the culture however indicate usage of iron.

See also

• Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures

Kurt Dopfer is the Professor at the Department of Economics, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and also the co-director of the Institute for National Economics.

Dopfer is best known for several contributions in evolutionary economics, such as the axiomatization of evolutionary economic approach (Dopfer, 2001). In his recent publication, Dopfer (2004) argues that a concept of homo oeconomicus has to be replaced by the concept of rule-based agent, homo sapiens oeconomicus.

Dopfer with co-authors (Dopfer, Foster, Potts, 2004) has also espoused the introduction of intermediate level of analysis in economics, apart from micro- (individual) and macro- (aggregate) level. The meso-level is where collective behaviour patterns are established, and where institutions operate. This level works as an intermediary linking micro-level interactions and macro-level dynamics. Thus, importance of institutions in economic analysis is emphasized.

See also

• mesoeconomics

Publications

• Kurt Dopfer ‘Evolutionary Economics: Framework for analysis’, in: K. Dopfer, ed. (2001), Evolutionary Economics: Program and Scope, Recent Economic Thought Series, Boston/Dordrecht/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 1-44.
• Kurt Dopfer, John Foster, & Jason Potts, 2004. ‘Micro-meso-macro,’ Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 14(3), pp. 263-279. (abstract)
• Kurt Dopfer, 2004. ‘The economic agent as rule maker and rule user: Homo Sapiens Oeconomicus,’ Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 14(2), pp. 177-195.

External links

• Kurt Dopfer’s homepage

A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System.

C Cardiovascular system

C01 Cardiac therapy

C02 Antihypertensives

C03 Diuretics

C04 Peripheral vasodilators

C05 Vasoprotectives

C07 Beta blocking agents

C08 Calcium channel blockers

C09 Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system

C10 Lipid modifying agents

The Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (PUC) is the consumer protection agency in the U.S. state of Minnesota charged with the regulation of public utilities such as electric and telephone service. Its commissioners are appointed by the governor.

External links

• Minnesota PUC

Slush can mean any of the following:

• Slush (person) a pejorative and slang combination of the likewise derogatory terms slut and lush. A promiscuous alcoholic person.
• Slush (snow) - a slurry mixture of liquid and solid forms of water.
• Slush (beverage) - a blended ice drink, with sugar, fruit, and/or other flavorings.
• “Slush” can also refer to the fat or grease that is obtained by boiling salted meat.
• Slush fund originated.
  
• The terms “slush” and “slush pile” are used in the publishing industry to refer to unsolicited manuscripts.
• Slush (album), the experimental 1997 album by the band OP8.

Totalitarian Agriculture is a Term coined by author Daniel Quinn for a form of agriculture predicated on the notion that all food on this planet belongs to humans exclusively; thus:

• food dedicated to human use may be denied to all other species
• any species that would compete for human food may be destroyed at will
• food needed by other species may be destroyed at will to make room for the production of human food

Quinn attributes this particular style of agriculture to a single culture, which he has dubbed the “Takers” and describes totalitarian agriculture as originating in Near East with an agricultural revolution about 10,000 years ago.

The key difference, according to Quinn, between Totalitarian Agriculture and other forms is that it is not sustainable.

Limited Competition and Agriculture

According to Quinn, since the dawn of life 3.5 billion years ago, all successful species have followed the Law of Limited Competition. Those who did not became extinct due to the mechanisms of evolution, which systems analysts would refer to as negative feedback loops.
To say that agriculture itself was invented 10,000 years ago during what is known as the Neolithic Revolution is a mistake, according to Quinn. Many different methods of agriculture were in use, independently, all over the world (specifically in early China, India, Indonesia, and among the native peoples of the Americas) when the particular method of agriculture he denotes as “totalitarian” emerged. Abandoning the Law of Limited Competition, the adopters of totalitarian agriculture eliminated competing species. For example, the people wanted meat, so they had cows graze on grass. Other grazing animals competing with the cows for nutritious grasses were hunted or chased away - eliminating the cows’ competition. Some species of grass are favored by the cows; therefore the people eliminated the grasses that the cows don’t like so that the favored grass species have less competition. They also remove any other vegetation that competes for water and soil nutrients. Any disease or insect that might use the favored grass is also eliminated - they eliminate the grass’ and the cow’s predators and diseases. All that remains is their food and their food’s food - all others are eliminated.

Spread of Totalitarian Agriculture

Fueled by the enormous food surpluses generated uniquely by this style of agriculture, rapid population growth occurred among its practitioners, followed by an equally rapid geographical expansion that obliterated all other lifestyles in its path (including those based on other styles of agriculture). This expansion and obliteration of lifestyles continued without pause in the millennia that followed, eventually reaching the New World in the fifteenth century and continuing to the present moment in remote areas of Africa, Australia, New Guinea, and South America.

Sustainability of Totalitarian Agriculture and the Future

One of the major problems of totalitarian agriculture is the decreased biodiversity it, by definition, relies upon. With extinction and/or endangerment of the various species competing for land, food and water sources, crops and the humans and livestock which rely upon such resources are at greater risk for famine and drought. Species specific pathogens (as in potato famines) and invasive species (such as locusts) stand poised to wreak havoc on individuals and civilizations based on the cultivation of afflicted species.
Current measures in totalitarian agriculture include genetic modification of crops and livestock, further isolating crop and livestock species from biologically diverse systems, increasing risk by species specific antagonistic competition. Pesticide resistant insect species are beginning to decrease crop yields worldwide. Despite these dangers, totalitarian agriculture is spreading into previously unfarmed regions, such as the Amazon, Indonesian and equatorial African rainforests. Increased farming and crop yields lead to increased populations, demanding further increases in farming. Systems analysts would refer to this as a positive feedback loop. Ultimately, the long-term sustainability of totalitarian agriculture in the context of global society is called into question.

Brent Kinsman (born November 13, 1997) is an American child actor who typically plays a rambunctious twin alongside his identical twin brother Shane. He played Nigel Baker in the 2003 film Cheaper by the Dozen and its 2005 sequel Cheaper by the Dozen 2. He has a featured role as Preston Scavo on the popular ABC television series Desperate Housewives.

Filmography

• 2005 - The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1 episode)
• 2005 - Cheaper by the Dozen 2 - Nigel Baker
• 2004 - The Wayne Brady Show (1 episode)
• 2004-present - Desperate Housewives - Preston Scavo
• 2003 - Cheaper by the Dozen - Nigel Baker
  

External links

• Get Desperate! - Brent Kinsman People Guide entry & news listings

The vector resolute (also known as the vector projection) of two vectors, <math>\mathbf{b}</math> in the direction of <math>\mathbf{a}</math> (also “<math>\mathbf{b}</math> on <math>\mathbf{a}</math>”), is given by:

<math>(\mathbf{b}\cdot\mathbf{\hat a})\mathbf{\hat a}</math> or <math>(|\mathbf{b}|\cos\theta)\mathbf{\hat a}</math>

where <math>\theta</math> is the angle between the vectors <math>\mathbf{a}</math> and <math>\mathbf{b}</math> and <math>\hat{\mathbf{a}}</math> is the unit vector in the direction of <math>\mathbf{a}</math>.

The vector resolute is a vector, and is the orthogonal projection of the vector <math>\mathbf{b}</math> onto the vector <math>\mathbf{a}</math>. The vector resolute is also said to be a component of vector <math>\mathbf{b}</math> in the direction of vector <math>\mathbf{a}</math>.

The other component of <math>\mathbf{b}</math> (perpendicular to <math>\mathbf{a}</math>) is given by:

<math>\mathbf{b}\ -\ (\mathbf{b}\cdot\mathbf{\hat a})\mathbf{\hat a}</math>

The vector resolute is also the scalar resolute multiplied by <math>\mathbf{\hat a}</math> (in order to convert it into a vector, or give it direction).

Vector resolute overview

If <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> are two vectors, the projection of <math>A</math> on <math>B</math>(denoted <math>C</math>) is the vector that has the same slope as <math>B</math> with the length:

<math>|C| = |A| \cdot \cos \theta</math>

To calculate <math>C</math> use the definition of the dotproduct:
<math> A \cdot B = |A| \, |B| \cos \theta \,</math>

Using the above equation:

<math>|C| = |A| \cdot \cos \theta</math>

Multiply and divide by <math>|B|</math> at the same time:

<math>|C| = \frac {|A| \cdot |B| \cdot \cos \theta} {|B| }</math>

In the resulting fraction, the top term is the same as the dotproduct, hence:

<math>|C| = \frac {A \cdot B} {|B| }</math>

To find the length of <math>|C|</math> with an unknown <math>\theta</math>,
and unknown direction, multiply it with the normalized vector <math>B</math>:

<math>C = \frac {A \cdot B} {|B| } \cdot \frac {B} {|B|} = \frac {A \cdot B} {|B|^2} \cdot B</math>

Giving the final formula:
<math>C = \frac {A \cdot B} {|B|^2} \cdot B</math>

Uses

The vector projection is an important operation in the Graham-Schmidt orthonormalization of vector space bases.

See also

• Scalar resolute

In computer science, an optimization problem is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions. More formally, an optimization problem <math>A</math> is a quadruple <math>(I, f, m, g)</math>, where

• <math>I</math> is a set of instances;
• given an instance <math>x \in I</math>, <math>f(x)</math> is the set of feasible solutions;
• given an instance <math>x</math> and a feasible solution <math>y</math> of <math>x</math>, <math>m(x, y)</math> denotes the measure of <math>y</math>, which is usually a positive real.
• <math>g</math> is the goal function, and is either <math>\min</math> or <math>\max</math>.

The goal is then to find for some instance <math>x</math> an optimal solution, that is, a feasible solution <math>y</math> with
<math>
m(x, y) = g \{ m(x, y’) \mid y’ \in f(x) \} .
</math>

For each optimization problem, there is a corresponding decision problem that asks whether there is a feasible solution for some particular measure <math>m_0</math>. For example, if there is a graph <math>G</math> which contains vertices <math>u</math> and <math>v</math>, an optimization problem might be “find a path from <math>u</math> to <math>v</math> that uses the fewest edges”. This problem might have an answer of, say, 4. A corresponding decision problem would be “is there a path from <math>u</math> to <math>v</math> that uses 10 or fewer edges?” This problem can be answered with a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

An NP optimization problem has the following further restrictions:

• <math>I</math> can be recognized in polynomial time, and
• the size of a feasible solution is polynomially bounded by the instance size.

This implies that the corresponding decision problem is in NP. Since interesting optimization problems usually fulfill these criteria, “optimization problem” is often used synonymously with “NP optimization problem”.

See also

• Optimization (mathematics)

The Navy Broadway Complex is a bayside military facility located in downtown San Diego, California. It houses the primary offices of the Navy Region Southwest, and is closely tied to regional United States Coast Guard operations.

In the early 1900s, Pacific Fleet ships frequently docked in the San Diego harbor at what is now the intersection of Broadway and Harbor Dr. With all the necessary maritime facilities in place, the site became a supply depot. After the city of San Diego was formally chartered in 1922, a small pier was constructed and the first materials were moved into the Depot’s warehouse in February 1923. Subsequent modifications have been made to the depot sporadically through the late 20th century.

Today, the Global Advanced Traceability and Control (ATAC) and function is housed in the Navy Broadway Complex. Being on extremely valuable property, the government has attempted to finance a portion of operations with revenue from real estate developers seeking to originate housing and industrial units.

As of July 18th, 2005, the site faces an uncertain future. Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld has proposed adding the complex to the list of military bases facing closure or shrinkage. The move was formally approved by the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission. In so doing, however, committee chairman Anthony Principi added that this “does not necessarily mean that the base will be realigned or closed” but will subject the complex to further evaluation of its necessity.

In financial markets, Implementation Shortfall is the difference between the decision price and the final execution price (including commissions, taxes, etc.) for a trade. This is also known as the “slippage”. Agency trading is largely concerned with minimizing implementation shortfall and finding liquidity.

Decision Price

The decision price is the price of the stock that prompted the decision to buy or sell. The most common decision prices are the close price or the arrival price. If we split the decision to buy a stock from the actual trading of the stock, as is often the case with fund managers (decision makers) and brokers (trade executors), you can see why both are used.

From the fund manager’s point of view, their decision to trade is often based on the closing price of the day’s trading (along with the entire history of the stock and other signals/indicators). When they decide to buy a particular stock the next day, it is because they believe that the price will go up from that closing price. Thus their decision price is the close price.

However the broker, unless they are explicitly told what levels to buy at or what prompted the desire to buy, does not know when or why the decision was made. Their best guess is that the current price at the time the order is received is what prompted the decision and thus their decision price is the arrival price. There is no common definition of this price, but the broker normally uses the last traded price or the “mid price” - equal to the average of the current bid and ask prices being quoted at the time the order was received.

See also

• Algorithmic Trading
• Algorithmic Trading Platforms
• Market Impact

External links

• RiskGlossary on Transaction Costs

REDUCE is a general-purpose computer algebra system geared towards
applications in physics.

The development of the REDUCE computer algebra system was started in the 1960s by Anthony C. Hearn. Since then, many scientists from all over the world have contributed to its development under his direction.

REDUCE is written entirely in its own LISP dialect called Standard LISP,
expressed in an Algol-like syntax called RLISP. The latter is used as a
basis for REDUCE’s user-level language.

Implementations of REDUCE have existed on a staggering variety of computers, operating systems, and LISP bases over the decades. Currently, it is available on most flavors of Unix, Linux, Microsoft Windows, or Apple Macintosh systems by using an underlying Portable Standard LISP or Codemist Standard LISP implementation.

REDUCE is distributed for a cost-recovery fee that for a long time has usually included the full source code for the system, making it a popular research tool in the field of computer algebra.

See also

• MACSYMA

External links

• REDUCE web page

A computer security utility going by the name GetAdmin was released in early July, 1997. The utility exploited a flaw in the Microsoft Windows NT 4 operating system in order to escalate privileges of an arbitrary specified account. GetAdmin will no longer work on newer versions of Windows operation systems and patches have been made available for NT4.

External links

• GetAdmin Utility Grants Users Administrative Rights (Microsoft)
• The ever popular getadmin exploit (Insecure.org)

The Concept X is a concept car and sport utility vehicle from Suzuki. It features touch-sensitive buttons that control all the vehicle’s interior functions. It débuted at the 2005 North American International Auto Show. The future production version in 2006 could be Suzuki’s largest sport utility vehicle to date. It will feature a V6 engine and all-wheel-drive. It would be one of nine new vehicles Suzuki might release during a period of five years.

FileMan is a set of utilities written by George Timson in the late 1970s and early 1980s, using MUMPS, which provide a meta-data function for MUMPS applications. The FileMan utilities allow the definition of data structures, menus and security, reports, and forms, allowing someone to set up applications without tremendous experience in the MUMPS programming language.

Its first use was in the development of medical applications for the Veterans Administration, now called the Department of Veterans Affairs, a branch of the United States Government.
Since it was a work created by the US federal government, a copyright cannot be placed on the source code, making the source code in the public domain. Because of this, it has been used for rapid development of applications across a number of organizations, including commercial products.

FileMan may be used standalone, or may be used with the VA Kernel, which provides an operating system neutral environment for applications.

Polyconomics was a private company founded in 1978 by Jude Wanniski. Based in Parsippany, New Jersey, USA, Polyconomics offered financial advice based on the principles of supply-side economics. The company ceased operations on June 30, 2006.

External link

• Polyconomics website

The Texas Air Museum currently has two locations, and one planned future location:

• San Antonio, Texas
• Slaton, Texas
• Snyder, Texas - future location
• Rio Hondo, Texas - closed on February 28, 2005 with exhibits being dispersed to the other locations

External links

• Texas Air Museum official site

Section Eight of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provides everyone in Canada with protection against unreasonable search and seizure. This Charter right provides Canadians with their primary source of constitutionally enforced privacy rights against unreasonable intrusion from the state. Typically, this protects personal information that can be obtained through searching someone in pat-down, entering someone’s property or surveillance.

Under the heading of legal rights, section 8 states:

Any property found or seized by means of a violation of section 8 can be excluded as evidence in a trial under section 24(2).

Reasonable expectation of privacy

Generally speaking, the reasonable expectation of privacy does not protect against normal searches or seizures. Rather, the right focuses on the action being unreasonable on the basis that it violates an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy.

Search

Not every form of examination constitutes search. A search within the meaning of section eight is determined by whether the investigatory technique used by the state diminishes a person’s reasonable expectation of privacy. The focus of analysis is upon the purpose of the examination. A police officer who compells someone to produce their licence would not be invasive enough to constitute a search (R. v. Ladouceur, [1990]R. v. Ladouceur, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 1257.). Equally, an inspection of the inside of a car is not a search, but questions about the contents of a bag would be. (R. v. Mellenthin [1992]R. v. Mellenthin, [1992] 3 S.C.R. 615.)

Seizure

The meaning of seizure is fairly straight forward. In R. v. Dyment (1988),R. v. Dyment, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 417. the Court defined it simply as the “taking of a thing from a person by a public authority without that person’s consent.” This meaning has been narrowed to cover property taken in furtherance of administration or criminal investigation (Quebec (Attorney General) v. Laroche, [2002]Quebec (Attorney General) v. Laroche, [2002] 3 S.C.R. 708).

See also

• Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution : equivalent US constitutional right

References

External links

• Canlii section 8 digest
• Search and Seizure Overview
• Fundamental Freedoms: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Charter of Rights website with video, audio and the Charter in over 20 languages

For the song by 311, see Grassroots.

Applied science is the application of knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields to solving practical problems. Fields of engineering are applied sciences. Applied science is important for technology development. Its use in industrial settings is usually referred to as research and development (R&D).

Kratosija (Macedonian: Кратошија) (also Kratoshija or Kratoshiya) is a red wine grape variety grown in the Tikveš wine-growing region of The Republic of Macedonia. In Macedonia, this variety is commonly mistaken with Vranac, a similar black grape variety from the coastal region of Crmnica, Montenegro.